TurningPoint：TheBombandtheColdWar《转折点：原子弹与冷战（2024）》第一季第八集完整中英文对照剧本.docx

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1、（乌克兰）（莫斯科2022年2月24日）俄♥罗&hearts撕♥总统表示乌克兰东部TheRussianpresidentsaysamilitaryoperation现在正酝酿着一场军事行动isnowunderwayineasternUkraine.战争爆发时或者说俄♥罗♥斯♥入侵时IwasinMoscowwhenthewarbrokeout,我正在莫斯科进行访问报道orwhenRussiainvaded,onareportingtrip.我告诉自己：”好吧这就是法&hearts泗♥斯♥主义的表现I

2、toldmyself,Okay,thisisfascismplayingout.我想不仅仅是我Ithinktherewasasenseoftotalshock,大家都十分震惊whichnotjustIhad.整座莫斯科城都十分震惊Thecity,Moscow,felt.然后晚上就爆发了第一次抗♥议♥Thenintheeveningwasthefirstprotest.人们当时只是在街上走来走去Peoplewerejustwalkingonthestreets.警♥察♥抓住他们对他们严加惩戒Thepolicewasgrabbingthem,

3、dealingwiththemveryharshly.普♥京♥在国内进行镇&hearts；压♥Putiniscrackingdownathome同时在国际上也面临着诸多阻力ashesfacingmorepushbackinternationally.他们是莫斯科的自♥由♥主义者是反对派ThesewereMoscowliberals.Thiswastheopposition.他们非常勇敢Theywereincrediblybrave,人们继续抗♥议♥直到他们实在无能为力andpeoplecontin

4、uedtoprotestuntiltheyreallycouldnt.有两个不同的消息来源称Therewerecallsfromtwodifferentsources特种部队正在赶往新闻编辑室thatspecialforceswerecomingtothenewsroom.”反对战争“,Notowar.这是俄♥罗&hearts撕♥雨电视最后一♥期♥节目的最后一句话ThosewerethefinalwordsofthefinalbroadcastofRussia,sTVRain.周四由广政♥府♥打击国内新闻自&h

5、earts油♥OnThursday,thenewsoutletshutdown新闻机构被迫关闭duetothegovernmentsattackonfreepressinthecountry.我很清楚这就是结局Itwasclearformethatthatwastheend.我们失去未来了Welostthefuture.未来不会来了Thefuturewasover.对我们来说对我所属的俄♥罗&hearts撕♥人♥民♥来说Forus,fortheRussianpeopleIbelongto,几十年来welivedfordeca

6、des我们一直梦想着更加美好的生活dreamingofsomebetterlife.而这一切都在那天结束了Anditwasalloverthatday.反对战争！Notowar!Notowar!转折点：原♥子♥弹♥与冷战第八章莫斯科不会沉默印有锤子和镰刀的苏联红旗TheSovietredflagwithitshammerandsickle（1991年12月25日）今晚最后一次在克里姆林宫降下wasloweredforthelasttimeovertheKremlintonight.取而代之的是俄♥罗♥斯♥共和国

7、的白蓝红三色国旗Initsplacewentupthewhite,blue,andredflagoftheRussianRepublic.我想我们现在很难回忆起Ithinkitsveryhardforustoremembernow苏联解体后俄♥罗&hearts撕♥面临着whatanimmensetaskRussiawasfacedwith多么艰巨的任务afterthefalloftheSovietUnion.不可能忽然就转变成一个民♥主♥国家Youdontjustbecomeademocracylikethat.（鲍里斯叶利钦俄&hear

8、ts;罗&hearts撕♥总统1991-1999）叶利钦试图让供需法则发挥作用Yeltsinstryingtomakethelawsofsupplyanddemandwork,但需求几乎是无限的供给却寥寥无几buttheresalmostunlimiteddemand,andvirtuallynosupply.结果可想而知经济完全陷入混乱Thepredictableresultiseconomicchaos.各种流程的执行都是一塌糊涂Allkindsofprocesseswerecarriedoutthatwereadisaster.其中最臭名昭著的就是拍卖♥&he

9、arts;♥国♥有企业Mostnotoriously,theauctioningoffofstateenterprises.国家当时相当混乱Sohereyouhaveacountrythat,yes,itsbadlydisorganized,但资源却非常丰富buttheresimmenseresources.木材石油天然气Timber,oil,gas,各种矿产等等allkindsofminerals,etcetera.于是他们为这些巨型国有企业组织了拍卖♥♥Sotheyorganizedtheseauctionsforthesegiant

10、stateenterprises.拍卖♥♥是以一种肮脏的方式进行的Theauctionswerecarriedoutinasleazyway,说得委婉一点越有权势的人andpeoplethatwereclosetopower越能够获得内♥幕♥价格wereabletoget,toputitmildly,insiderprices.所以价值十亿美元的企业只需出资五千万美元Sosomethingworthabilliondollarswasboughtfor$50million.接下来就出现了一群人Andthenextthingyouknow,

11、therewasaclassofpeople我们现在称之为寡头thatwenowknowastheoligarchs.他们中的许多人都有苏联精英阶层的背景ManyofthemhadbackgroundsamongtheeliteoftheSovietsystem.这些人或许拥有一些初始资本Theywerepeoplewhohadaccess,perhaps,tosomeinitialcapital.他们原本是商人然后去收♥购♥银彳fTheyweretraderswhothenboughtbanks或是利用I日苏联体制留下的机会去创建新机构or,youknow,cre

12、atednewinstitutionsoutoftheopportunitiesleftbehindbytheoldSovietsystem.最终的结果是一群几乎由叶利钦Whatendeduphappeningwasthatabunchofoligarchs事先钦定和选择的寡头最终占据了whowereprettymuchpredeterminedandchosenbyYeltsin,俄♥罗♥斯♥国内生产总值的40%以上endedupwithmorethan40%oftheGDPofRussia.（米哈伊尔霍多尔科夫斯基）米哈伊尔霍多尔科夫斯基就是众寡头

13、之一MikhailKhodorkovskyWaSoneoftheoligarchs.在我看来他可能是当时最贪婪的寡头之一Probablyinmymind,atthetime,oneofthemostrapaciousoligarchs.我觉得他比其他人都聪明1thinkhewassmarterthantheotherones.他真的在尽其所能地积累财富Hereallyaccumulatedanythingandeverythinghecould.苏联的经济垄断程度极高TheSovieteconomywasextremelymonopolized.（米哈伊尔霍多尔科夫斯基俄♥罗&h

14、earts撕♥商人）也就是说每个行业实际上都有一家总揽公♥司♥Thatis,everyindustryeffectivelyhadoneoverarchingcorporation名为某某部calledtheministryofso-and-so,但他们没有自己的供应系统buttheydidnothavetheirownsupplysystem.也没有自己的分销系统Nordidtheyhavetheirowndistributionsystems.加上使用过时设备的困难Addtothatdifficultiesofworkingwithoutdated

15、equipment以及共♥产♥主义七十年来遗留下来的其他问题andtheotherlegaciesofsevendecadesofcommunism.所以有一天他们被告知：“现在你们要靠自己了”Sooneday,whentheyweretold,Youreonyourown,1整个管理系统彻底崩溃了theentiremanagementsystemfellapart.当然也有很多像我这样的有志青年Andofcourse,therewereplentyofyoungandenterprisingpeoplelikeme可以靠此发家致富whocouldearnmoney

16、onthis参与收♥购♥1业企业andtakepartinthepurchaseofindustrialenterprises.我们赚r很多钱Andwemadealotofmoney.米哈伊尔霍多尔科夫斯基MikhailKhodorkovskyWaSabletoparlay有机会利用来自机构的初始资金支持aninitialamountofbackingfrominstitutions成立后苏联时代的首批新银行之一into,uh,oneofthefirstnewbanksofthepost-Sovietera,并由此最终成为新俄♥罗♥斯&h

17、earts;的首富andfromthere,toultimatelybecometherichestmaninthenewRussia.至U20世纪90年代中后期Inthemidtolate1990s,霍多尔科夫斯基的身价可能达到了150亿美元Khodorkovskyprobablywasworth$15billion.有七八位这样的大银行家我们称其为寡头Sevenoreightofthesebigbankers,wecallthemoligarchs.（大卫霍夫曼记者）也许这个词太好听了应该叫强盗大亨Maybethatstooniceaword.Robberbarons.他们收&hearts

18、;购♥报纸航♥空♥公♥司♥石油公♥司♥Theyrebuyingupnewspapers,airlines,oilcompanies.都在扩张自己的版图It,severybodyforthemselves.这是一个赢家通吃的经济环境Itsawinner-take-alleconomy,除了枪杆规则和使用武力规则外andtherulesdontexistexcepttheruleofthegun不存在其他规则andtheruleoftheuseofforce.这些人住在最奢华的别♥鬓&h

19、earts;和豪♥宅♥里Thesepeoplelivedinthemostlavishvillasandmansions,坐着最大的游艇到处浪坐着私人飞机到处飞andfloatedaroundonthebiggestyachts,andflewaroundonprivatejets.总有人要变得富有Well,someonehadtobecomerich.我们重建了这个国家的经济生命网Werebuiltthislivingnetworkofthecountryseconomy.在六到七年间我们成功进行了重建Insixtosevenyears,wedidmanageto

20、rebuildit.但这六年是不得不经历的Andyetthosesixyearshadtobelived.人们不得不经历这六年Thepeoplehadtolivethroughthosesixyears.没有这六年便无法喂饱他们Youcantfeedtheminsixyears.这是一场灾难一场真IE的灾难Andthatwasadisaster,arealdisaster.因为在建立体系之时缺乏法治BecausethesystemwassetupwithoutaruleOfIaw,缺乏适当的制度withoutproperinstitutions,所以最终你会发现资本主义实际上比共&hearts

21、;产♥主义更糟糕youendedupinaplacewherecapitalismwasactuallymuchworsethancommunism.（1992年）面包价格暴涨400%Breadpricesshotup400%,从每公斤60戈比涨到2.5卢布from60kopekstomorethantwo-and-a-halfrublesakilo.汽油价格也翻了两番Gasolinepricesalsoquadrupled.政♥府♥没有钱没有税收收入Thegovernmentdidnthaveanymoney.Therewasnotaxrevenue

22、.由于大多数人都在不同的政♥府♥机构工作Andsincemostpeopleworkedfordifferentgovernmentorganizations,所以大多数人都没有领到工资mostpeoplewerentpaidtheirsalaries.一人说：“我根本无法靠养老金生活”Isimplycantsurviveonapension,declaredoneman.另一人抱怨到：”光天化日之下抢劫抢老实人的钱”Itsdaylightrobbery,stealingfromthehonest/complainedanother.“现在一公斤奶酪的价格是我每月退

23、休金的两倍”Akiloofcheesenowcostsmetwicemymonthlypension.,俄♥罗♥斯♥人的平均死亡年龄仅为57岁TheaverageRussianwasdyingattheageof57因为医院里没有药物becausetheydidnthaveanymedicineinthehospitals.学校里没有老师Therewasnoteachersintheschools.教授们不得不沦为出租车司机Professorshadtobecometaxidrivers,美术馆为了生存不得不把墙上的作品andtheartmuseums

24、weresellingtheartrightoffthewalls直接卖♥♥掉justtosurvive.来自好莱坞梦想成真的地方FromHollywood,wheredreamsdocometrue,独一无二的超♥市♥大赢家又回来了！itsthereturnoftheoneandonlySupermarketSweep!（超♥市♥大赢家）你在电视上看到的不是老式的苏联节目AndyourewatchingonTV,nottheoldSovietprograms,而是大量的西方电视节目buthugeamounts

25、ofWesterntelevision.这种新的不平衡简直就是一场灾难Thisnewinequalitywasadisaster.这激怒了很多人Andthatinfuriatedalotofpeople,破坏了民♥上♥的地位anditunderminedthestatusofdemocracy,民♥主♥在俄语中本来读做德莫克拉蒂亚sothatdemocracywhichwas,inRussianisdemokratiya,但现在被读做缺德莫克拉蒂亚wasnowknownasdermokratiya.意为狗屁民♥主&heart

26、s;Shit-ocracy.我们本应该Weshouldhaveinvestedheavily在这次艰难的经济转型中投入大量资金的inwhatwasaverydifficulteconomictransformation.从共&hearts产♥主义到资本主义的转变代价高昂且困难重重Goingfromcommunismtocapitalismiscostlyandhard,而我们却忽略了这一点andwetookoureyeofftheball.1992年我们举♥行♥了一次大选Soin1992,wehadanelectionandtheincumbent,时

27、任总统乔治HW布♥什♥PresidentGeorgeH.W.Bush,被民♥主♥党批评为过于国际主义wascriticizedbytheDemocraticPartyasbeingtoointernationalist,过热衷卜外交事务tooengagedinforeignaffairs.我认为美国必须留在欧洲.IthinkitisimportantthattheUnitedStatesstayinEurope,（总统辩论1992年10月11日）.继续保障和平andcontinuetoguaranteethepeace.我们绝不能退缩We

28、simplycannotpullback.还有一位来自阿肯色州的名不见经传的州长AndtherewasthisratherobscuregovernorfromArkansas,他的竞选口号♥是“问题在经济笨蛋”whoranontheslogan,Itstheeconomy,stupid.我们必须正视在这个世界上Wehavetofacethat,inthisworld,经济安全与国♥家♥安♥全♥息息相关economicsecurityisawholelotofnationalsecurity.我们的美元对某些外币的汇率处于历

29、史最低点Ourdollarsatanall-timelowagainstsomeforeigncurrencies.我们在世界上是弱小的我们必须在国内重建美国的力量Wereweakintheworld.WemustrebuildAmericasstrengthathome.民♥主♥党人在1992年的竞选中Democratsreallyskillfullyusedinthat1992campaign非常巧妙地利用后冷战时代的希望和可能性thepromiseandpossibilityofthispost-ColdWarera作为重启美国政♥治&heart

30、s;的方式asawaytoresetAmericanpolitics,比尔克&hearts淋♥顿♥将成为后冷战时代的第一任总统andBillClintonwasgoingtobethefirstpresidentofthepost-ColdWarera.1992年Asaresultof1992,是俄♥罗♥斯♥的关键之年结果我们没有参与其中thispivotalyearinRussia,weweredisengaged,我认为这是真正的错失机会andIthinkthatwasareallostopportunity.我们应该孤

31、注一掷的Weshouldhavegoneallin.欧洲和美国的许多政♥府♥官员AlotofgovernmentofficialsinEuropeandintheUnitedStates严重低估了苏联解体后俄♥罗♥斯♥人♥民♥hugelyunderestimatedthemagnitudeofthehumiliationoftheRussianpeople所遭受的屈辱afterthecollapseoftheSovietUnion.这个国家曾经是世界上两个超级大国之一Thisisacountryt

32、hatwentfrombeingoneoftheworldstwosuperpowers,现在却不清楚自己在国际上的地位和位置toreallynotknowingwhatitsstatusandplaceintheworldwere.（1992年夏季奥♥运♥会西班牙巴塞罗那）在叶利钦时代有一个时刻让我始终无法忘怀TherewasamomentintheYeltsinyearsthatalwaysstuckwithme,他们甚至无法whentheycouldntevencometoaconsensus就新俄♥罗♥斯♥国歌&he

33、arts;的歌♥词达成共识onwhatthelyricsshouldbeforanewRussiannationalanthem以取代I日的苏联国歌♥totaketheplaceoftheoldSovietnationalanthem.所以当他们的运动员在奥♥运♥会上获得奖牌时AndsowhentheirathleteswonmedalsattheOlympics,他们只播放了纯音乐theyjustplayedthemusic.还没有歌♥词可唱Therewasnosongyettosing.从1994年开始Startingi

34、n1994,叶利钦在车♥臣♥发动了-场骇人听闻的战争YeltsinsengagedinawarinChechnya,whichwasahorrorshow.（第一次车♥臣♥战争1994-1996）几个世纪以来莫斯科一直在努力压制车♥臣♥的独♥立♥MoscowhasbattledforcenturiestosuppressChechenindependence努力对其实施最终控制andexertultimatecontrol.俄♥罗&hearts撕♥是一个多

35、民族国家Russiaisamultiethniccountry其中包括一些直到19世纪末thatincludesbitsthatwerejoinedinorannexedorconquered才加入、吞并或征服的国家inthelate19thcentury.有北高加索共和国车♥臣♥和达吉斯坦等等TherepublicsoftheNorthCaucasus,Chechnya,Dagestan,etcetera.俄♥罗&hearts撕♥在过去14个月里TheviciousRussianeffortsoverthepast14months对车&

36、hearts;臣♥民族的残酷镇♥压♥tocrushtheChechennation不过是延续了二者之间由来已久根深蒂固的仇恨而已merelycontinueadeep,ingrainedtraditionofmutualhatred.这对俄♥罗&hearts撕♥来说是-场巨大的危机俄军正在溃败AnditwasahugecrisisforRussia.TheRussianarmywasfailing.人们并不热衷于战争Peoplewerenotreally,uh,enthusiasticaboutthewar.1996年人们真

37、切地感受到事情正在分崩离析1996,therewasjustarealsenseofthingsfallingapart.腐♥败♥经济萧条Yougotcorruption,yougotadepressedeconomy,街头犯罪车♥臣♥战争yougotcrimeonyourstreets,yougotawarinChechnya.当然这些也被那些心怀怨恨的人Andofcourse,thatbecameexploited所利用bythosewhowereresentful他们认为这是旧制度崩溃的andwhobelievedthatthisw

38、asadirectresult直接结果ofthecollapseoftheoldsystem.叶利钦的民调支持率几乎为零Yeltsinspollratingswerewithinspittingdistanceofzero.而他要面临的竞选对手等等Andhewasfacedwithhavingtorunagainst,waitforit,是一名共&hearts产♥党人acommunist.根纳季久加诺夫GennadyZyuganov.鲍里斯叶利钦Therewasaveryrealpossibility很有可能被击败thatBorisYeltsinwouldbedefeated而共

39、&hearts产♥党人将重新掌权andthatthecommunistswouldreturntopower.这引起了莫斯科和西方国家的ThiswasviewedwithgreatalarminMoscow,高度警惕aswellasinWesterncapitals在某种程度上叶利钦和寡头之间and,inaway,therewasasortofacorruptbargainstruck达成了某种腐♥败♥交易betweenYeltsinandtheoligarchs.于是我们去见叶利钦丘拜斯开始劝说他WegointoseeYeltsin,andChuba

40、isstartspersuadinghim,（阿纳托利丘拜斯俄♥罗♥斯♥副总理1994-1996）.没有必要宣布进入紧急状态thattheresnoneedtodeclareastateofemergency,没有必要取消选举thattheresnoneedtocallofftheelections,你能赢得这次选举andthathecanwintheseelections.叶利钦对这些寡头说Yeltsinsaidtotheseoligarchs,”如果你们利用自己所有的资源自己的电视台自己的金钱Ifyouuseallofyourresources,y

41、ourtelevisionstations,yourmoney,以及其他一切来帮助我再次当选everythingelsetohelpmegetreelected,那我将确保你们获得这个国家最大和最令人垂涎thenIwillmakesurethatyougetthelargestandmostcoveted最有价值的石油公♥司♥和金属公♥司&hearts；nandvaluableoilcompaniesandmetalscompaniesinthecountry.此时这些公♥司♥尚未被私有化Thesecompanieshadn

42、tyetbeenprivatized.（不投票就输了！叶利钦竞选视频1996年）这些寡头们给他提供了大量资金Theseoligarchsfundedthehelloutofhim.把叶利钦像一头顽强的大象一样andpushedYeltsinlikearecalcitrantelephant推上了山顶upandoverthehill.你们年轻人是俄♥罗&hearts撕♥的未来！You,youngpeople,arethefutureofRussia!叶利钦利用共&hearts产♥党人卷土重来的威胁成功地吓唬住了民众Yeltsinscampaignmana

43、gedtoscarepeoplewiththethreatofcommunistsreturning.人们还记得当年的情形Peoplestillrememberedhowitwasbackthen.不可能的我在学校受够那些共♥产♥主义历史了Noway.Ihadenoughofallthatcommunisthistoryatschool.鲍里斯叶利钦！BorisYeltsin!他最终勉强连任Heendedupgettingreelected,barely.但在他再次当选后情况变得越来越糟Butafterhewasreelected,thingsgotworseand

44、worse因为这些寡头控制了一切becausetheseoligarchscontrolledeverything.然后他陷入了非常糟糕的境地因为他开始酗酒Andthenhewasinaverybadplacebecausehewasanalcoholic,他的健康状况每况愈卜.还患上了心脏病hishealthwasfailing,hehadheartdisease.在总统任期的最后三年半里Hewasnotabletoperformhisduties,uh,毫无疑问他根本无法履行自己的职责forthelastthreeandahalfyearsofhispresidency,andthatwa

45、sobvious.大多数俄♥罗♥斯♥人都为他们的总统鲍里斯叶利钦感到羞耻MostRussians,uh,felthugeshameforRussianpresidentBorisYeltsin.他显然是一个耻辱Hewasobviouslyadisgrace.在华盛顿他与比尔克♥林♥顿♥开了一天的峰会InWashington,hehas,youknow,adayofsummitswithBillClinton,然后他返回了位于华盛顿特区的布莱尔国宾馆andthenhegoesbacktoBlairHouse,th

46、eguesthouseinWashington,D.C.没人知道发生什么了Andnoonequiteknowswhathappens,但他被发现穿着内♥裤♥站在路边buthesfoundonthesideofthestreetinhisunderwear,用俄语大喊他需要出租车和披萨yellinginRussianthatheneedsataxiandapizza.到1999年By1999,叶利钦开始寻找继任者Yeltsinbeginsasearchforasuccessor.他选用了一系列继任者Hewentthroughaseriesofsuccessors,他基本上就是依靠任命他们做总理来考验他们basicallyprimeministersthatheappointedtotestthemout.前三任都以各种方式彻底失败了Andthefirstthreecompletelyfailedonewayoranother.他们的时间不多了因为他的健康状况很差Andtheywerekindofrunningoutoftimebecausehishealthwassobad,他真的很吃力andhewasreallystruggling.于是他们就随意选择r这位陌生的籍籍无名的男子Andsot