2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_2.docx

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1、PaSSaHe1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthecheapandcheerfulpro

2、ductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker;Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotaltotheexpressionof

3、designstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegritorindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskinzacriticoftheIndustrialAge,andamanwhofeltthatsociety

4、shouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists,architects,anddesi

5、gnerswereattractedtoRuskin,sphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,swork.Pre-Raphealit

6、eBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24,andcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergraduation,MorrisandBurn

7、e-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainter;eventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisnewwife(Rossettism

8、useandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedontheknowledgeandex

9、perienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorrisscase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulobjectsforthehome.

10、ThecraftsmenwereQ囱BIIELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualownerwouldconside

11、rtheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair).ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorrissworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisorganizationalinno

12、vationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorrissinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingindustryhadbeennega

13、tivelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfirstfont,Goldenzwhi

14、chwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrityintheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryOfGIitteringPlain,whichheillustra

15、ted,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreateacohesivewhole.Th

16、epressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fonts,andpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however;asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned

17、,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,MorrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewithhissteadfastcommitmenttoRuskinspr

18、inciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorrissgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:OPenteXtbC.caqraDhicdesiqnChClPteirchapter-2Q囱Questions1-5Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDORNUMBERfromthepassageforeach

19、answer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.WilliamMorrissoughttoreversethenegativeimpacthebelievedthat1._hadhadonthepublishingindustrybycreatinghisownpublishingcompanyin1888,andoneofhisfirstactswastocreatea2._calledGolden.HeusedGoldenforthetypeinhisown3._,whichwaspublishedbyhispress.Allofthe

20、bookspublishedbythepresswereinspiredbybooksfromthe4._period.Themachinery,paperanddesignswereallcreatedaccordingtoahighstandardofaestheticbeauty.Intotal,duringits8-yearexistencethepressproducedmorethan5._books.Afteryouvetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions6-10Completeea

21、chsentenceWiththecorrectendingA-Gfromtheboxbelow.WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes6-10onyouranswersheet.NBnotallletterswillbeused.6. JohnRuskinbelievedthatartandworkshouldbe.7. RuskinlikedItalianartbecauseofits.8. AfterWilliamMorrisleftuniversity,he.9. TheworkersatMorris&Co.hadtolearnabout.10. Morrisd

22、esignedafontwhichwas.A. workedinvariousjobs.B. joinedtogethertoimprovesociety.C. derivedfromtheworkofsomeoneelse.D. interiordesign.E. immediatelybecameapoet.Eartanddesign,aswellashowtomanufacturetheproducts.G. simplerepresentationofnature.Afteryouvetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowin

23、gvideo.Q囱Questions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Morrisfoundedanartisticmovementinreactiontothe-,whichhefeltwaschaotic.12. Duetoitsdirectandsimplerepresentationofnature,Ruskinthoughthighlyofthe_style.13. Morris/careerasa_endedquickly.14. Aswellaspr

24、intingandbindinghisfirstbookattheKelmscottPress,Morrisalso_it.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe2TheOriginsofPaleoanthropologyA.Paleoanthropology,asubdisciplineofanthropology,isthestudyofextinctprimates.Whilethemajorityofresearchersdoingthiskindofworkareanth

25、ropologists,paleontologists(withinthedisciplineofgeology)mayalsostudyfossilprimates.Theprimarymethodusedbypaleoanthropologistsistheanalysisoffossilremains.However;theyincreasinglyrelyonotherscientificdisciplinestogainabetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentalforcesthatplayedaroleinourevolution,aswellast

26、heformationofthefossilrecord.Forexample,geologistsidentifyprocessesofsedimentationandfossilization,anddatefossilsandtheirassociatedsedimentsusingavarietyoftechniques.Avarietyofdisciplinesareinvolvedinhelpingtoreconstructancientenvironmentsandbiologicalcommunities.Paleontologistsidentifyancientfloral

27、andfaunalfossils.Palynologistsanalyzeparticlesinoceanandlakecores,aswellaspolleninterrestrialsedimentstodeterminethepredominantflorainagivenareaataparticulartime.Taphonomistshelpdeterminehowfossilassemblageswereformed.B. Inthe1920s,RaymondDartproposedthatearlyhominins(bipedalprimates,likeourselves)f

28、oundinSouthAfricancaveshadinhabitedthosecaves.Inaddition,heinterpretedpuncturewoundsfoundinsomeoftheskullsasevidencethatthosehomininsmadeandusedweaponsforhuntingandmale-maleaggression.ThetaphonomistC.K.Brainarguedinmorerecenttimesthateitherhomininsfellthroughcracksintosubterraneancavesafterhavingbee

29、ncachedintreesbyleopards,ortheirbonesweredraggedinbyrodents,suchasporcupines,forgnawing.Wenowrealizethatwhilethoseearlymembersofourtribelikelyusedsimpletools,theywerenotbig-gamehuntersorwarmongers.C. Themostinfluentialfieldstohavecontributedtothescienceofpaleoanthropologyaregeology,biologandarchaeol

30、ogy.Geologists(eventhosewhowerenotrecognizedassuch,e.g.,CharlesDarwin)areprimarilyresponsiblefortherealizationsthat(1)theearthisancient,anditformedvianaturalprocesses;(2)theearthwasoriginallycoveredwithwater;andlifebeganinthat“primordialsea”;(3)lifeonearthoriginatedwithsimpleformszwithsomedescendent

31、speciesbecomingmorecomplexovertime,ascanbeseeninthefossilrecord;(4)specieschangeorgoextinctinresponsetoenvironmentalchange;(5)newspeciesaretheresultofaportionofapopulationadaptingtoneworchangedenvironmentalconditions;(6)thesameforces,suchasvolcaniceruptions,thatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearth

32、andcausedchangesinthefossilrecordviaextinctionsandspeciationevents;and(7)layersanddepositsarecontinuallydevelopingorerodingsothatorganismsareburiedandfossilscometolight,respectively.Theideathatthesameforcesthatoperatetodayarethosethatshapedtheearthandcausedchangesinthefossilrecordistermeduniformitar

33、ianism.CharlesLyellcoinedthetermandisheraldedasthefatherofmoderngeology.HegreatlyinfluencedDarwinandthuscontributedtoDarwin,ssyntheticviewoftheevolutionoflifeonearth.Geologistsusevariousmethodstodatefossilsorfossil-containingsedimentsandhavedevelopedachronology(i.e.,atimeline)fortheearthasawhole,asw

34、ellasdepositionallayersinareaswherefossilshavebeendiscovered.D. Biologistsandgeneticistshaveplayedaroleinpalaeoanthropologyinthattheyhaverefinedthetheoryofevolutionbymeansofnaturalselectionbydetermininghowtraitsareinherited.Scientistsfromavarietyofdisciplineshaveclassifiedtheknownspeciesoftheworldba

35、sedonevolutionaryrelationships.E. Archaeologyhasplayedandcontinuestoplayastrongroleinpaleoanthropologyviathestudyofthearchaeologicalrecord,thatis,therecordofpasthumanactivityviaculturalremainsandanthropogenic(human-induced)changestotheenvironment.ThomasJeffersonhasbeenreferredtoasthefirstarchaeologi

36、st,inthathismethodsweremorescientificthanhisfellowantiquarians.Antiquarianstendedtobeafterthe“goods,“withoutregardforcarefulinterpretationofthearchaeologicalrecord.Mostwouldbeconsideredlootersbytodaysstandards.Theytookitemsofgreatculturalandhistoricalsignificanceforpersonalormuseumcollections.Someit

37、emshavebeenreturnedtotheircountriesoforigin,butthedamageisdonewhenthearchaeologicalrecordisdisturbedordestroyed.Onceanitemhasbeenremovedfromtheareawhereitwasfound,scientistscannolongerlearnfromitscontext,forexample,fromassociatedartifactsorthelocationoftheartifactingeographicspaceandtime.FAccordingt

38、oMerriam-WebsterOnline,thefirstknownuseofthetermpaleoanthropologyoccurredin1916.However;theearliestpaleoanthropologistswerenotlabeledassuchandcamefromavarietyofoccupations,suchasanatomistsandphysicians.Thefirsthomininfossilsdiscoveredweretheneanderthalsinthe1800s.However;paleoanthropologistsdisagree

39、daboutwhetherneanderthalswereancestorsofhumansorweremodernhumans.EugeneDuboiswasthefirstpersontointentionallysearchforafossilhominin.HewenttoAsiawiththesolepurposeoffindingevidencethathumansevolvedthere,aswasthereigningbeliefinWesternEurope.In1891zhediscoveredaskullcap(knownasacalotte)andfemurontheS

40、oloRiverinTrinilzJava.This,alongwithotherdiscoveriesmadeinChinaandJavaduringthefirsthalfofthe2Othcentury,supportedtheAsianorigintheoryuntilRaymondDartandhiscontemporary,RobertBroomzbegandiscoveringmuchmoreancientmaterialinSouthAfricanquarriesandcaves.FurtherdiscoveriesbyLouisandMaryLeakeyinEastAfric

41、acementedAfricaasthebirthplaceofhumanity,andtheracetofindhumanoriginsandancestorswason.Source:httas:/milneDublishinq.cieneseo.edu/the-hi5tory-of-our-tribe-hominini/ChcIDter/Daleoanthroaolociy/Questions15-19Passage2hassixsectionslabelledA-F.ChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Arch

42、aeologistsversusantiquariansii. Earlyfossildiscoveriesiii. Environmentalchangesiv. Overviewofthesubjecty/.Thediscoveriesofgeologyvi. Thehumanstoryvii. Theinfluenceofpaleoanthropologyviii. Theroleofevolutionarystudiesi.TwoviewsonhowfossilscametobeincavesE.g.SectionA-iv15. SectionB16. SectionC17. Sect

43、ionD18. SectionE19. SectionFAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions20-23ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.Writeyouranswersinboxes20-23onyouranswersheet.20. ThemaintechniqueemployedbypaleoanthropologistsisA. thestudyofancientrocks.B. theexaminationoffossils.C.

44、 theanalysisOfenvironmentalforces.D. thereconstructionOfancientenvironments.21. ApossiblereasonforfossilsbeingfoundinSouthAfricancavesisthatA. primateslivedinthecaves.B. thebonesofprimatesfellintothecavesthroughcracksintheirceilings.IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest2C. thecaveswereused

45、byleopardstosleepin.D. earlyhumansweredraggedintothecavesbyrats.22. OneoftheinsightsofgeologyisthatA. lifeonearthstartedinextremelydryconditions.B. theextinctionofcertainanimalsisduetopollution.C. volcanoeshavedestroyedmanyfossils.D. theearthisextremelyold.23. AntiquariansA. oftenusedscientifictechn

46、iquesfirstintroducedbyThomasJefferson.B. wouldfrequentlystealimportantobjectsinordertoputtheminmuseums.C. destroyedobjectsinordertopreventscientistsfromdiscoveringthem.D. carefullyinterpretedthearchaeologicalrecord.Afteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.Questions24-27Lo

47、okattheinformationbelow(Questions24-27)andtheIistofpeoplebelow.MatcheachpieceofinformationwiththecorrectpersonA-H.AnswersA-Hcanbeusedmorethanonce.24. Thoughtthathomininsdidntinhabitcaves.25. Originatedthepracticeoflookingforhomininfossils.26. WasinspiredbytheworkofLyell.27. Madediscoveriesthatsuppor

48、tedtheviewthatthebirthplaceofhumanitywasAsia.ListofpeopleA. RaymondDartB. C.K.BrainC. CharlesDarwinD. CharlesLyellE. ThomasJeffersonEEugeneDuboisG. RobertBroomH. LouisandMaryLeakeyAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.PaSSaHe3TheGreatPyramidofGizaTheGreatPyramidofGiza(

49、alsoknownasthePyramidofKhufuorthePyramidofCheops)istheoldestandlargestofthethreepyramidsintheGizapyramidcomplexborderingpresent-dayGizainGreaterCairo,Egypt.ItistheoldestoftheSevenWondersoftheAncientWorld,andtheonlyonetoremainlargelyintact.Basedonamarkinaninteriorchambernamingtheworkgangandareferencet