2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_5.docx

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1、IELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest5PaSSaHe1DISCOVERYOFTHETRUESOLARSYSTEMTYCHOBRAHEKEPLERA-Duringtheperiodoftheintellectualandaestheticrevival,atthebeginningofthesixteenthcenturyzthe“spiritoftheage“wasfosteredbytheinventionofprinting,bythedownfalloftheByzantineEmpire,andthescatteringofGr

2、eekfugitives,carryingthetreasuresofliteraturethroughWesternEurope,bytheworksofRaphaelandMichelangelozbytheReformation,andbytheextensionoftheknownworldthroughthevoyagesofSpaniardsandPortuguese.Duringthatperiodtherecametothefrontthefounderofaccurateobservationalastronomy.TychoBrahe,aDanezbornin1546ofn

3、obleparents,wasthemostdistinguished,diligent,andaccurateobserveroftheheavenssincethedaysofHipparchus,lz700yearsbefore.Tychowasdevotedentirelytohissciencefromchildhood,andtheoppositionofhisparentsonlystimulatedhiminhiseffortstoovercomedifficulties.Hesoongraspedthehopelessnessoftheolddeductivemethodso

4、freasoning,anddecidedthatnotheoriesoughttobeindulgedinuntilpreparationshadbeenmadebytheaccumulationofaccurateobservations.Wemayclaimforhimthetitleoffounderoftheinductivemethod.B-HestudiedinGermany,butKingFrederickofDenmark,appreciatinghisgreattalents,invitedhimtocarryouthislifesworkinthatcountry.Heg

5、rantedtohimtheislandofHveenzgavehimapension,andmadehimacanonoftheCathedralofRoskilde.Onthatisland,TychoBrahebuiltthesplendidobservatorywhichhecalledUraniborgzand,later;asecondoneforhisassistantsandstudents,calledStjerneborg.Thesehefittedupwiththemostperfectinstruments,andneverlostachanceofaddingtohi

6、sstockofcarefulobservations.C-Theaccountofalltheseinstrumentsandobservations,printedathisownpressontheisland,waspublishedbyTychoBrahehimsetandtheadmirableandnumerousengravingsbearwitnesstotheexcellenceofdesignandthestabilityofhisinstruments.Hismechanicalskillwasgreat,andinhisworkmanshiphewassatisfie

7、dwithnothingbutthebest.Herecognisedtheimportanceofrigidityintheinstruments,and,whereasthesehadgenerallybeenmadeofwood,hedesignedtheminmetal.HisinstrumentsincludedarmillaelikethosewhichhadbeenusedinAlexandria,andotherarmillaedesignedbyhimselfsextants,muralquadrants,largecelestialglobesandvariousinstr

8、umentsforspecialpurposes.HeinventedthemethodOfsubdividingthedegreesonthearcofaninstrumentbytransversalssomewhatinthewaythatPedroNunezhadproposed.D-Heoriginatedthetruesystemofobservationandreductionofobservations,recognisingthefactthatthebestinstrumentintheworldisnotperfect;andwitheachofhisinstrument

9、s,hesettoworktofindouttheerrorsofgraduationandtheerrorsofmounting,thenecessarycorrectionbeingappliedtoeachobservation.Whenhewantedtopointhisinstrumentexactlytoastarhewasconfrontedwithpreciselythesamedifficultyasismetingunneryandrifle-shooting.Thesightsandtheobjectaimedatcannotbeinfocustogether;andag

10、reatdealdependsontheformofsight.TychoBraheinvented,andappliedtothepointersofhisinstruments,anaperture-sightofvariablearea,liketheirisdiaphragmusednowinphotography.Thisenabledhimtogetthebestresultwithstarsofdifferentbrightness.Thisnotonlyremovesthedifficultyoffocusingbutmakestheminimumvisibleanglesma

11、ller.Helmholtzhasdefinedtheminimumanglemeasurablewiththenakedeyeasbeingoneminuteofarc.Inviewofthis,itissimplymarvellousthat,whenthepositionsofTycho,sstandardstarsarecomparedwiththebestmoderncatalogues,hisprobableerrorinrightascensionisonly24”,1,andindeclinationonly25”,9.E-Clocksofasorthadbeenmade,bu

12、tTychoBrahefoundthemsounreliablethatheseldomusedthem,andmanyofhisposition-measurementsweremadebymeasuringtheangulardistancesfromknownstars.Takingintoconsiderationtheabsenceofeitheratelescopeoraclock,andreadinghisaccountofthelabourhebestoweduponeachobservation,wemustallagreethatKepler;whoinheritedthe

13、seobservations,wasjustified,undertheconditionsthenexisting,indeclaringthattherewasnohopeofanyoneeverimprovinguponthem.F-Intheyear1572zonNovemberllthzTychodiscoveredinCassiopeiaanewstarofgreatbrilliance,andcontinuedtoobserveituntiltheendofJanuary1573.Soincredibletohimwassuchaneventthatherefusedtobeli

14、evehisowneyesuntilhegototherstoconfirmwhathesaw.HemadeaccurateobservationsofitsdistancefromthenineprincipalstarsinCasseiopeia,andprovedthatithadnomeasurableparallax.Laterheemployedthesamemethodwiththecometsof1577z1580,1582,1585z1590z1593,and1596zandprovedthattheytoohadnomeasurableparallaxandmustbeve

15、rydistant.Source:HISTORYOFASTRONOMYBYGEORGEFORBESIELTSADVANTAGEQuestions1-4ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage1foreachanswer.1. InwhichfielddidTychobecomeanexpert?2. WhatnamehavewegiventhewayinwhichTychoproposedwestudyobjects?3. InwhichmaterialdidTychoprefertoconstructhisimplements?4. Onwhichcompo

16、nentofhisdevicesdidheaddanaperture-sightofvariablearea?Questions5-9Passage1haseightsectionslabelledA-FChoosethecorrectheadingsforSectionsB-F.ListofHeadingsi. Undiscoveredtechnologyii. Improvingtheaccuracyofinstrumentsiii. Immeasurableobjectsiv. Tychosinvolvementinthegunindustryv. Backgroundandearlyl

17、ifevi. Educationvii. Allowingforinaccuraciesinfindingsviii. Incorporationofclocksandtelescopesi.PatronageE.g.SectionA-v5. SectionB6. SectionC7. SectionD8. SectionE9. SectionFQuestions10-13ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.10. Tycho,sparentsA. introducedhimtoGreekliterature.B. didn*tsupporthisscien

18、tificpursuits.C. werepeasants.D. werefriendsofHipparchus.11. RecordsofTycho,sinstrumentsA. wereneverpublished.B. werepoorlydocumented.C. werehandwritten.D. werepublishedonHveen.12. TychofeltthattheperfectinstrumentA.didn,texist.B. hadyettobeinvented.C. washisowncreation.D. wasinventedbyPedroNunez.13

19、. Tycho,sinstrumentsareA. asaccurateasdevicescurrentlyavailable.B. moreaccuratethandevicescurrentlyavailable.C. arestillthemostaccuratedevicesavailable.D. notasaccurateasdevicescurrentlyavailable.PaSSaHe2SNOWSHOES,SKISANDSWAMPSHOESThenextdaySunday,itbegantoSnOWandwerealizedthatourchanceofskatingupto

20、WillowClumpIslandwasspoiled.Alltheafternoonitsnowed,andthenextmorningwewoketofindthegroundcoveredtoadepthofeightinchesandsnowstillfalling.Butwhoeverheardofaboycomplainingbecausetherewassnowontheground?Herewerenewdifficultiestoovercome,newproblemstosolve,andnewsportsprovidedforouramusement.Therewasno

21、disappointmentshownbyanyofthemembersoftheSSIEEofWCI,astheymetinthewoodshedimmediatelyafterbreakfasttodiscussproceedingsfortheday.Thereseemedtobebutonewayofreachingtheisland,andthatwasbymeansofsnowshoes.Billhadonlyavagueideaofhowsnowshoesweremade.Thefirstpairwasmadefromacoupleofthinwoodenchairseatswh

22、ichwefoundintheshed.Theyprovedquiteserviceable,beingverylightandofferingafairlylargebearingsurface.Thechairseatsweretrimmedoffateachsidetomaketheshoeslessclumsy,andaloopofleatherwasfastenednearthecentreofeachshoezinwhichthetoecouldbeslipped.Thisshoepossessedthedisadvantageofbeingtooflatandofpickingu

23、ptoomuchsnowwhenused.Anotherpairofshoeswasmadefrombarrelstaves.Atfirst,onestavewasmadetoserveforashoe,butwefoundthattwostavesfastenedtogetherwithapairofwoodencleatsweremuchbetter.Jackwastheproudinventoroftheseshoesandinsistedthattheywerefarmoresatisfactorythantheelaborateoneswhichwerelaterdevised.No

24、wthatJackhadshownhisingenuity;Fredthoughtitwashisturntodosomething,andaftermysteriouslydisappearingforthespaceofanhourwesawhimsuddenlycomewaddlingbacktotheshedonapairofbarrelhoopscoveredwithheavycanvas.Hehadstretchedthecanvassotightlyacrossthehoopsthattheywerebenttoanovalshape.Itwasclaimedforthesesh

25、oes,andwithgoodreason,thattheywerenotsoslipperyasthebarrelstaveshoezfortheypermittedthefoottosinkslightlyintothesnow.Afterdinner;Dutchycamebackwithabookofhisfathers,asortofanencyclopediainwhichseveraldifferentkindsofsnowshoeswereillustrated.Reddyzwhosefatherownedasawmill,volunteeredtoprovideuswithst

26、ripsofhickoryfromwhichtomaketheframes.TheSiouxsnowshoewasthefirsttypewetackled.Twostripsofhickory4feetlongand3/4inchsquareinsection,werebentoverapairofspreadersandsecurelyfastenedtogetherateachend.Thespreaderswereabout12incheslongandlocatedabout15inchesapart.Theywerenotchedattheendstoreceivethesides

27、trips,whichwerenotfastenedtogetheruntilaftertheyhadbeennailedtothespreaders.Wefoundthatthemostsatisfactorywayoffasteningtogethertheendsofthehickorystripswastoboltthemtogether.Whentheframewascompleted,webeganthetediousprocessofweavinginthefillingorwebofthesnowshoe.First,wecutnotchesintheedgesofthespr

28、eaders,Spacingthesenotchesaninchapart.Thenweprocuredseveralballsofheavytwineatthecornerstore.Tyingoneendofthecordtotherightsidestickaboutthreeinchesbelowtheforwardspreader;westretchedastranddowntothenotchattheleftendofthelowerspreaderThestrandwasdrawntaut,andaftermakingseveraltwistsarounditthecordwa

29、stiedtotheleftsidestickthreeinchesabovethespreader.FromZD囱团IELTSADVANTAGEthispoint,thecordwasstretchedtothenotchattherightendoftheupperspreade;twistedseveraltimesandbroughtbacktothestartingpoint.Thecordwasnowwrappedaroundthesidestickforaspaceofaboutaninch,andthencarrieddowntothesecondnotchonthelower

30、spreader;whenceitwaswoventhroughtheothertwostrandsandtiedabouttheleftsidestickaboutfourinchesfromthespreader.Thustheweavingcontinued,passingthecordalternatelyoverandunderanycrossstrandsencountered.Inordertomaketheleftsidecorrespondwiththeright,aseparatecordwaswoundaroundit,fillingupthespacebetweenth

31、estrandsoftheweb.Thefillingaboveandbelowthespreaderscouldnotbesomethodicallydone,butwemanagedtoweavethestrandsquiteneatlywithaboutthesamemeshasusedatthecentre.Tbfacilitatetheweaving,weimprovisedaroughneedleofapieceofwire.Thelatterwasbentdoubletoreceivethecordwhichwaswedgedinbetweenthetwoarmsofthenee

32、dle.Source:THESCIENTIFICAMERICANBOYBYA.RUSSELLBONDQuestions14-17MatchthenamesofthesnowshoeswiththecorrectimageA-F.14. Thechairseatsnowshoe15. Thebarrelstavesnowshoe16. Thebarrelhoopsnowshoe17. TheSiouxsnowshoeAfteryou,vetriedthesequestions,checkyouranswerswiththefollowingvideo.IELTSADVANTAGEQuestion

33、s18-22DothefollowingstatementsagreeWiththeclaimsofthewriterinpassage2?YesifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNoifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNotGivenifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis18. Boystendnottoenjoythesnow.19. Thechairseatsnowshoesworkedquitewell.20. Fred

34、wasinspiredbyJack.21. Thebarrelhoopsnowshoeshadthebesttraction.22. ThejobofmakingthewebintheSiouxsnowshoeswasenjoyable.Questions23-27Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationprovidedinpassage2?TrueifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFalseifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNotGivenifthere

35、isnoinformationonthis23. Thewoodshedwasusedtodecidewhattheboyswoulddoaftertheheavysnowfall.24. TheboysusedtheirsnowshoestogotoWillowClumpIsland.25. Fredcouldwalkeasilyinthesnowshoeshemade.26. Dutchy,sfathergavehimpermissiontoborrowhisbook.27. ThesidestripsoftheSiouxsnowshoewerefastenedtogetherwithna

36、ils.=a囱BIPaSSaHe3HEATINGREATTUNNELSA-OnephaseoftheconstructionoftunnelsthroughtheAlpswasrecentlydiscussedbyM.BrandicourtzsecretaryoftheLinnaeanSocietyoftheNorthofFrancezinthecolumnsofLaNature.Heshowedthatonlyafewthousandfeetbelowtheeternalsnowsofthatregionsohighatemperaturemaybefoundthatworkmencansc

37、arcelyliveinit.Nearlyalloftheotherdifficultiesencounteredinthoseenterpriseshadbeenforeseen.Thisonewasagreatsurprise.Itshowshowtheinteriorheatoftheearthextendsabovesealevelintoallgreatmountainousupliftsontheearthssurface.B-DuringthetunnellingofMontCenis,saysM.Brandicourt,thetemperatureoftherockwasfou

38、ndtobe27.5degreesC.atabout5,000metersfromtheentrance.Itreached29.5degreesinthelast500metersofthecentralpart.Theworkmenwerethenaboutlz600metersbelowtheAlpinesummit,whosemeantemperatureis3degreesbelowzeroThustherewasadifferenceof32.5degrees:thatis,onegeothermicdegreecorrespondedtoabout50meters.Thisele

39、vationoftemperaturewasnotatfirstregardedwithanxiety.Soonadraughtwouldbeproducedandwouldamelioratethesituation.Itwastime,forthediseaseknownasminersanaemiahadbeguntoclaimitsvictims.C-ThesituationatSt.Gothardwasmuchmoreserious.AsatMontCenis,atemperatureof29degreesC.wasfoundabout5,000metersfromtheportal

40、softhetunnel.Butthereremainedyet5z000metersofrocktopierce.Inthecentreofthetunneltherewasobservedforseveraldaysatemperatureof35degrees.Generally,itdidnotvarymuchfrom32.5degrees,asufficientlyhighdegree,ifwerememberthatthemensperspirationwastransformedintowatervapor;andthattheairwasnearlysaturatedwithh

41、umidity.Intheseconditions,workwasverydifficult,andthehorsesemployedtoremovethedebrisalmostallsuccumbed.D-Mancanbearmorethananimals.Inabsolutelydryaihecanendureatemperatureof50degrees.Butinanatmospheresaturatedwithwater;underground,wherethebreathoftheworkmenfillsthenarrowspacewithpoisonousvapours,ate

42、mperatureofeven30degreesentailsseriousconsequences.Inalargenumberofworkmen,thebodilyheatroseto40degreesandthepulseto140andeven150aminute.Themostrobustwereobligedtolayoffonedayoutofthree,andeventheworkingdaywasitselfreducedtofivehours,insteadofsevenoreight.E-AccordingtoDr.Giaconnizwhofortenyearsatten

43、dedtheworkmenatMontCenisandSt.Gothard,theproportionofinvalidswasaslargeas60tothe100.MorestrangeyetzthereportofthephysicianswhodweltattheworksnotesthepresenceamongtheworkmenoftheintestinalparasitescalledankylostomeswhichhavebeenobservedinEgyptandothertropicalcountries,andwhicharethecauseofwhatscienti

44、stscallEgyptianchlorosisorintertropicalhyperaemia.Thispathologicstateisobservedonlyinthehottestregionsoftheearth.Thevictimbecomesthin,paleanddark.Heisbathedincontinualsweat,devouredbyinextinguishablethirst,andthepreyofcontinualfever.Andthus,addsMrLentherie,themostrobustmountaineerhadonlytopassafewmo

45、nthsinthedepthsoftheAlpstocontractthegermsofatropicaldisease.UnderthethicklayerofsnowandicethatenvelopedhimhehadtoworknakedandinthisAlpineworld,whereeverythingIELTSADVANTAGEIELTSAdvantagePracticeReadingTest5outsideremindsoneofthepolarclimate,heswelteredasinacauldronandoftendiedofheat.F-Thebadconditi

46、onsfoundatSt.Gothardwillbemetalso,veryprobably,inthenewAlpinetunnelsthathavebeenprojectedinrecentyearsthoseattheSimplonzSt.BernardandMontBlanc.ItcanbepredictedthatforMontBlanc,inparticular;thetemperatureof40degreeswillbefarexceeded.M.deLapparentevenconsidersthatthefigureof55degreesproposedbysomegeol

47、ogistsismoderate,anderrsbydefectratherthanbyexcess.TheengineerStockalpazwhoforfouryearshasdirectedoneoftheworkshopsatSt.Gothardzandhasmadeaprofoundstudyofthistemperaturequestion,doesnothesitatetosaythatunderMontBlancthetemperaturewillbe33degreesatthreekilometresfromtheentrance,thatitwillreach50degre

48、esundertheSaussurePass,and53.5degreesundertheTaculPeak,fallingagainto31degreesundertheWhiteValley.Theseareonlyprobabilities,buttheyarefoundedonfactszandwemayimagineallthepreventivemeasuresthattheywillrenderimperative.G-Theexperiencethathasbeenacquiredintheselatteryearshasindicatedthebestmethodsofven

49、tilationandcooling.Thecompressedairusedintheworkingsproducesbyitsescapeaverysensibleloweringofthetemperature,whichcanbemadestilllowerbyusingsalinesolutionswhosefreezingpointisaslowas-20degrees,andwhichwillcirculatethroughpipesalongthetunnel.Theremovalofthedebriscanbeeffectedbyelectriclocomotives;thusthehorses,whichuseupthepreciousaica