2024剑桥雅思讲义Reading_Test_8.docx

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1、PaSSaHe1COOKINGFISHPerhapstheonlywaysofproperlycookingfisharebakingandgrilling,yetthesearepreciselythewaysleastpractised.Boilingandfryinghavepreviouslyheldtoogreatamonopolyinourmethods.Whengrilling,aperfectlyclearfireisabsolutelyindispensable;moresointhecaseoffishthanwhenintendingtocooksteakorchops.

2、Ashovel-fullofgoodcinders,slightlywetted,andgivensufficienttimetobecomered-hot,willgenerallyensureagoodsurfaceheatzbutacharcoalbraisieres,byfathebestfireforthispurpose.Aspecialgridironshouldbekeptforfishonly.Afterusing,letitbethoroughlywashedanddried,andbeforeusingagainrubthebarsoverwithalittleoil;f

3、ishismoreeasilymarked,andapttosticksoonerthanmeat.Ifthegridironisnotadoubleone,useapairoftongswithwhichtoturnthefishover;bewareofstickingaforkintoit.Therecanbenodoubtthatgrillingbringsoutaflavourwhichnothingelsewill.Whatcansurpassafreshmackerel,grilledafterbeingsplitopenandboned?Animportantpointtobe

4、arinmindinthismethodofcookeryis,tokeepintheflavour.Asliceofgrilledsalmonwilltastefarniceriftheslicehasbeenwrappedinbutteredpaper;butcookinganythinginpaperrequiresthegreatestcare,asshouldtherebetheslightestflare,thepaperwillcatchfire.Whenbakingfishthatiswrappedinbutteredpaper;thechiefthingtobearinmin

5、disnottosparethebutter.This,oneofthemostdelicateanddeliciouswaysofcookingfish,isapttobeentirelyspoilt,becauseonlyalittledabofbutterisallowed.Whenfishhasbeencookedinpaperitshouldbesenttothetablejustasitis,paperandall.Alwaysuseplainwhitenotepaper;neverprinted.Whenboilingfishzaverycommonfaultisomitting

6、toputsufficientsaltintothewater.Inthecaseoflargefish,saltshouldbeaddedintheproportionofhalfapoundtoagallonofwater;forsmallerfish,aproportionofaquarter-poundtothegallonissufficient.ItisnowgenerallythoughtbesttoplacefishinnearlyboilingWateCthenallowittocomegentlytotheboilingpointagainzthiskeepsinthefl

7、avouronthesameprincipleastheboilingofmeat.Thetimealloweddependsentirelyonthesizeofthefish,butwhenthefleshshowssignsofbeingjustabletobeseparatedfromthebone,itisamplydone.Ibpreservethewhitenessofwhitefish,itiswisetorubthemoverwithlemon-juicebeforeboiling.Onemethodofboilingfish,whenitisintendedforeatin

8、gcoldzistodoitincourt-bouillon,andiffresh-waterfishiscookedthiswayitisrelievedofmuchofitsinsipidity.Onepartofvinegar;onepartofredwine,tofourpartsofWatecforthebouillon.Tbtwoquartsoftheliquorputanounceofsalt,halfanounceofpeppe;abunchofsavouryherbs,aslicedonionandacarrot.Sometimesasmallpieceofbaconisal

9、soadded.Lettheseallboiltogetherforsometime,thenstraintheliquorandkeepinastonejar.Itwillkeepalongtimeifoccasionallyre-boiled.Thefishshouldbewellcoveredwiththeliquidwhenlaidinthefish-kettleandallowedtoboilgradually.Ibfryfishsuccessfullyitshouldbeliterallyboiledinfat.Thiscannotbedoneoverasloworsmokyfir

10、e,neithercanitbedoneunlessanabundanceoffatisallowed.Itisnotanextravagantmethod,evenifthepanisalargeone,andittakestwoorthreepoundstofillit.Ifcarefullypouredintoabasincontainingboilingwaterafterthefishhasbeencooked,theloosebreadcrumbsandotherparticleswillfalltothebottom,andthefatformaclearwhitecrust.W

11、henduecareisexercisedthereisnoreasonwhythesamefatshouldnotbeusedfiftytimesover.Letitbequiteboilingwhenthefishisputin.Thismaybeknownbyitsperfectstillnessandthefaintbluevapourwhichwillrisefromit.Whenthefishhasbeenwashedandcarefullydried,flouritbeforedippingintobeatenegg,andbreadcrumbs.Layasmallpieceof

12、blotting-paperatthebottomofthedishtoabsorballgrease.Variousrecipesforbakingfisharegiveninthefollowingpages.Perhapsoneofthenicestwaysofdoingfishintheovenisz,augratin*.Brieflydescribed,thisconsistsofalayerofmixedherbsandbreadcrumbslaidfirstatthebottomofawell-buttereddish,thefishlaidonthis,thenthesamei

13、ngredientswithseasoningandmorebutteroverit.Veryoftenaglassofwineorvinegarisadded.Anythingcookedz,augratinmustalwayscometothetableinthedishinwhichitwascooked,hencethegratin-dishisanotherindispensablekitchenrequisite.Whenintendingtousesaltedfishforanydishitshouldalwaysbeallowedtolieinwateratleasttwent

14、y-fourhourspreviously,andthewatershouldbechangedfrequently;thendrainanddrythoroughly.Source:AHANDBOOKOFFISHCOOKERYBYLUCYH.YfiTESQuestions1-4ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage1foreachanswer.1. Whichcookingutensilisrecommendedforgrillingfish?2. Whatdoeswrappingfishinpaperhelptokeep?3. Rubbinglemonj

15、uiceonwhitefishisrecommendedtodowhat?4. Whereexactlydoyoucook”au-gratirdishes?Questions5-8ChoosetheappropriatelettersA,B,CorD.5. AcharcoalfireisbestforA.frying.B.grilling.C.boiling.D.baking.6. Whencookingfishthatiswrappedinpaper;youshouldA. removethepaperbeforeserving.B. useanyoldprintedpaper.C. ser

16、veitwiththepaperstillaroundit.D. letpartofthepaperburnalittle.7. Whenboilingfish,peopleoftenforgettoA. ensurethatthewaterhasboiledfirst.B. addenoughsalttothewater.C. putexactlyagallonofwaterinthepan.D. addenoughherbstothewater.8. FriedfishshouldbeA. cookedveryslowly.B. boiledbeforefryingit.C. cooked

17、inashallowpanwithalittlefat.D. cookedinadeeppanwithalotoffat.Questions9-13DothefollowingstatementsagreeWiththeinformationprovidedinpassage2?TrueFalse Not Givenifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationifthestatementcontradictstheinformationifthereisnoinformationonthis9. Themostcommonwaystocookfishusedto

18、bebyfryingandboilingit.10. Whencookingfishthatiswrappedinpaper;youshouldnotusetoomuchbutter.11. Itiscommontodrinkredwinewithfish.12. Itisacceptabletousethesamefatagainandagainwhenfryingfish.13. Fishdishesthatarecookedzaugratinmustbetransferredtoanotherdishbeforeserving.PaSSaHe2PROFESSIONALIMPULSESA-

19、Alargeportionofpeoplewhoaredrivenbyambitionorthenecessitytoadvancethemselvesintheworldzchooseaprofessioninwhichtheyimaginetheirtalentsarelikelytoberewardedwithsuccess.Thereareparticularadvantagesthatresultfromthisclassificationofsocietyintodifferentprofessions.Thesenseofpride,unityandloyaltysharedby

20、themembersofaparticularprofessionfrequentlyoverpowersthejealousywhichexistsbetweenindividualsandpushesontoadvantageoussituationssomeofthemorefortunateoftheprofession;whilst,ontheotherhand,anyinsultabouttheweakestmembersiseitherredressedorresentedbythewholebody.B-Thereareotheradvantageswhichareperhap

21、sofmoreimportancetothepublic.ThenumberswhichcomposethelearnedprofessionsinEnglandaresoconsiderable,thatakindofpublicopinionisgeneratedamongstthem,whichpowerfullytendstosuppressanyconductthatisinjuriouseithertotheprofessionortothepublic.Againzthemutualjealousyandrivalrythatisfoundamongstthewholebodyi

22、ssoconsiderable,thatalthoughtherankandestimationwhichanindividualholdsintheprofessionmaybemostunfairlyappreciated,bytakingtheopinionofhisrival;fewestimationsaregenerallymorecorrectthantheopinionofawholeprofessiononthemeritsofanyoneofitsbody.Thistestisofgreatvaluetothepublic,andbecomesthemoreso,inpro

23、portiontothedifficultyofthestudytowhichtheprofessionisdevoted.C-Thepursuitofsciencedoesnot,inEngland,constituteadistinctprofession,asitdoesinmanyothercountries.Itistherefore,onthatgroundalone,deprivedofmanyoftheadvantageswhichattachtoprofessions.Oneofitsgreatestmisfortunesarisesfromthiscircumstance;

24、forthesubjectsonwhichitisconversantaresodifficult,andrequiresuchunremitteddevotionoftimezthatfewwhohavenotspentyearsintheirstudycanjudgetherelativeknowledgeofthosewhopursuethem.Itfollows,therefore,thatthepublic,andeventhatmenofsoundsenseanddiscernment,canscarcelyfindmeanstodistinguishbetweentheposse

25、ssorsofknowledge,inthepresentdamerelyelementary,andthosewhoseacquirementsareofthehighestorder.D-Asthereexistswithusnoparticularclassprofessedlydevotedtoscience,itfrequentlyhappensthatwhenaposition,whichrequiresconsiderablescientificqualificationsinordertobestcarryoutthepost,isvacant,itbecomesnecessa

26、rytoselectfromamateurs,orratherfrompeoplewhosechiefattentionhasbeenbestowedonothersubjects,andtowhomsciencehasbeenonlyanoccasionalpursuit.Acertainquantityofscientificknowledgeisofcoursepossessedbyindividualsinmanyprofessions;andwhenaddedtotheprofessionalacquirementsofthearmthenavy,ortotheknowledgeof

27、themerchant,ishighlymeritorious:butitisobviousthatthismaybecome,whenseparatedfromtheprofession,quiteinsignificantasthebasisofascientificreputation.E-Tbthosewhohavechosentheprofessionofmedicine,aknowledgeofchemistry,andofsomebranchesofnaturalhistorand,indeed,ofseveralotherdepartmentsofscience,affords

28、usefulassistance.SomeofthemostvaluablenameswhichadornthehistoryofEnglishsciencehavebeenconnectedwiththisprofession.InEngland,theprofessionofthelawisthatwhichseemstoattractthemosttalent,fromthecircumstance,thatability,coupledwithexertion,cannotfailtoobtainreward.Itisfrequentlychosenasanintroductionto

29、publiclife.Italsopresentsgreatadvantages,fromitsbeingaqualificationformanysituationsmoreorlessremotelyconnectedwithit,aswellasfromthecircumstancethatseveralofthehighestofficersofthestatemustnecessarilyhavesprungfromitsranks.F-Apowerfulattractionexists,therefore,tothepromotionofastudyandofdutiesofall

30、othersengrossingthetimemostcompletely,andwhichislessbenefitedthanmostothersbyanyacquaintancewithscience.Thisisoneofthecauseswhyitsoveryrarelyhappensthatmeninpublicsituationsareatallconversantevenwiththecommonestbranchesofscientificknowledge,andwhyscarcelyaninstancecanbecitedofsuchpersonsacquiringare

31、putationforanydiscoveriesoftheirown.But,howeverconsistentothersciencesmaybewithprofessionalavocations,thereisonewhich,fromitsextremedifficulty,andtheoverwhelmingattentionwhichitdemands,canonlybepursuedwithsuccessbythosewhoseleisureisundisturbedbyotherclaims.Tobewellacquaintedwiththepresentstateofmat

32、hematics,isnoeasytask;buttoaddtothepowersthatsciencepossesses,islikelytobethelotofbutfewEnglishphilosophers.Source:REFLECTIONSONTHEDECLINEOFSCIENCEINENGLANDBYCHARLESBABBAGEQuestions14-17Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinpassage2?YesifthestatementagreesWiththeclaimsofthewriterNoi

33、fthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNotGivenifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis14. Membersofthesameprofessionstronglysupporteachother15. Peoplegenerallydonotknowifascientistisanexpertornot.16. Lawyersearnmorethanscientists.17. Mathematicsisarelativelyeasysubjecttomaster.Questio

34、ns18-22ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfrompassage2foreachanswer.18. Thereasonthatmostpeoplechooseaprofessionisbecausetheywanttobe19. MostEnglishjobapplicantsinthefieldofsciencearechosenorfromcandidateswhohavestudiedothersubjects.20. arethetwomainfactorsthatcontributetoalawyer/ssuccess.21. Itisrarethatmen

35、knowanythingaboutthemostpopularfieldsofscience.22. Peoplewhostudymathematicscanonlybesuccessfuliftheirfreetimebyotherdistractions.Questions23-27Passage2hassixparagraphslabelledA-F.Whichparagraphscontainthefollowinginformation?23. Howpeoplesviewsofprofessionsareformed.24. Theprofessionofscienceindiff

36、erentnations.25. Scienceandotherprofessions.26. Hownegativecommentsaboutcolleaguesaredealtwith.27. Selectingaprofessionthatwillleadtootheropportunities.PaSSaHe3TOOLSFORTAXIDERMY*Taidermy-theartofpreparing,stuffingandmountingtheskinsofanimalsWithalifelikeeffect.A-ABADworkman,itissaid,alwaysblameshist

37、ools.Ifthisisso,itisequallycertainthatagoodworkman,alwaysprefersthebestandmostlabour-savingtoolshecanbuy.Thechiefpointofdifference,however;betweentheskilledandunskilledworkmans,thattheformermayandoftendoesgetthebestresultswiththefewestpossibletools,whiletheothermustsurroundhimselfwithdozensofunneces

38、sarythingsbeforehecandoastrokeofwork.Thisbeingso,Iproposetopointouttomyreadersinafewwords,andbymeansofdrawings,howverfewtoolsarerequiredtoskinandsetupabirdorsmallanimalfortaxidermy.Myremarkswill,therefore,beaddressedasmuchtotheamateurastothenovicewhoaspirestobecomeaprofessional;infact,Iwishittobeund

39、erstoodthatIwriteasmuchtoeducatetheoneastheother.B-Thefirstandmostessentialtoolistheknife.Nearlyanysmallknifewilldotomakethefirstincision,butexperiencehasshownthemostusefulshapeistheskinningknife.Thebladeislongandnarrow,3to4inchesalongthecuttingedge,andhalfaninchacross.Thehandle,whichshouldbeofbox,l

40、ignumvitaezoranyhardwoodsusceptibleofahighpolish,is3.5inchesinlength,exclusiveofahalf-inchbrassferrule.Theshapeshownisthemostcomfortableandhandiesttoworkwith.Thetoolintendedforheavierworkisabroaderandstrongerknife,five-eighthsofaninchacross,havingasomewhatdifferentlyshapedhardwoodhandle.Theknifewhic

41、hisusefulfortherough,largeworkhasabroadstrongbladezoneinchacross,andofanentirelydifferentcharacter.Thisknifehasaperforatedtangztowhichtwohalfroundedpiecesofhardwoodshouldbebolted.Thelengthofthebladeandhandleis4incheseach.Ishouldpointouttomyreaderstheformeriscommonlyknowninthetradeasthecleaverknifean

42、dthelatterastheflutingknife.C-Myreasonforhavingallofthesehandlesofpolishedhardwoodisthatbloodanddirtwillmoreeasilywashoff.Alloftheseknivesarebestpurchasedattheleathersellers,forthereasonsthat,first,theyarealwaysinstock;secondly,theyaremanufacturedofthefinestandtougheststeel;andthirdly,theyareinexpen

43、sive.Itisgenerallynotadvisabletopurchasetheseitemsinanironmongers.Thequalityisnoticeablyinferiorandyouwillnodoubthavetogototheleathersellers/whenyouroriginalpurchaseshaveprovedtobeunfitforpurpose.Thehandles,however;areusuallyofsoftwood,unpolished,andneedtobereplacedatthewoodturners.Thekniveswhenfirs

44、tpurchasedareabout4incheslongintheblade;forskinningIthinktheyarebettertousewhengroundorworndownto3or3.5inches.This,however;isamatterofindividualtaste.D-Thenextmostimportanttoolarethescissors,twopairsofwhichshouldbepurchased,onelongandfinepair;5.5or6incheslong,foruseinsmallanddelicateworkconnectedwit

45、hourfeatheredfriends,birds;theotherabout4incheslong,ofadifferentshapeandmuchstouterandstronger.Theseareusedforgeneralworkuponlargerbirds.Forevenheavierworkconnectedwithfowlandespeciallywithbirdsofprey,Ipreferapairofsmallspringshears,6to7incheslong,similartothoseusedforgrape-pruning.E-Areallyindispen

46、sableadjuncttothetaxidermistskitisthecompoundorbell-hangerspliers.Thesepliersarejustliketheordinaryholdingonesatthetop,buthaveacuttingplanefixedlowerdown(thosewithflat,notraised,cutters,aretobepreferred),butthegripshouldnotbequitesobroadastheyareusuallymade.From8to10inchesisthemostusefulsize.The10in

47、choneisratherlarge,butiszperhaps,thebestforprofessionalneeds.Alittlepairofpliersarenecessaryfordressingthehairorfurofmostanimalsthathavesuchcoats.Thesearealsousedbywatchmakers,areofneatconstructionanddifferfrommostpliersinthattheyhaveanobtuselyroundedpoint.These,whichIcallfeatherpliers,areinconjunct

48、ionwithasmallzthickzround,camel-hairbrush.F-Thestuffingiron-Whatonearthisastuffingiron?SIfancyIhearsomereaderexclaim-simplyput,itisalongrodofmetalusedforpokingthestuffinginsidetheanimalyouareworkingon.Itisbestmadefromthebrokensteelofawoolcombersdevil,aboutnineincheslong,fixedinahandleofaboutfourinch

49、es,。匚ifforlargemammalsztheironmaybemadefromabrokenfencingfoil,toanysizebetweentwelveandthirtyinches,withasuitablehandle.Ineithercase,thesmallestendisdrivenintothehandle,andthetopisfiledacrosswithasmoothnick,topushin,butnottoretainthetow.G-This,Iwouldpointouttothenon-professionalreader;isamuchmoresatisfactorywayofgettingthoroughlyefficienttoolsforyourtaxidermyneedsthangoingtotheexpe