语言学导论第四章.ppt

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1、,4.6 Recursiveness(递归性),Recursiveness:mainlymeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory,递归性主要指一个短语成分能被嵌入到另一个有着相同范畴的成分中。,Ex.That house in BeijingThe garden of that house in BeijingThe tree in the garden of that house in BeijingA bird on the tree in the garde

2、n of that house in Beijing Johns sister Johns sister husbandJohns sister husbands uncle Johns sisters husbands uncles daughter,ect.,But it has become an umberlla term such important linguistic phenomena as coordination and subordination,conjoining(连接)and embedding(嵌入)，hypotactic(从属关系)and paratactic(

3、并列关系)。,How long can a scentence be？,Theoretically,there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into another relative clause,so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful communication.,All these are means to extend sentences.,The same holds true for nominal clause and a

4、dverbial clauses.,Ex.I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new,Recursiveness,together with openness,is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.,Conjoining(连接),Conjoing;coordina

5、tion.,Conjunctions;and,but,and or.,Ex.John bought a hat and his wife bought a handbag.,Give me liberty or give me death.,Embedding(嵌入),Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence in syntactic subordination.,Ex.I saw the man who had visited you last year.(relative cl

6、ause关系从句)I dont know whether Professor Li needs this book.(complement clause 补语从句)If you listened to me,you wouldnt make mistake.(adverbial clause状语从句),4.7 Beyond the Sentence,Linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in a paragraph or chapter or the whole text,which leads

7、 to the emergence of text linguistics(篇章语言学)and discourse analysis（话语分析）.,4.7.1 Sentence Connection(句子连接),The notions of hypotactic(主从的)and paratactic(并列的)relation can also be applied to the study of syntactic relations between sentences.,Hypotactic从属分句(subordinate clauses);,Ex.You can phone the doc

8、tor if you like.However,I very much doubt whether he is in.,We live near the sea.So we enjoy a healthy climate.,Paratactic 并列分句（coordinate clauses）:,Ex.In Guangzhou it is hot and humid during the summer.In Beijing it is hot and dry.He dictated the letter.She wrote it.The door was open.He walked in.,

9、4.7.2 Cohesion(衔接),Cohesion:is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and defines it as a text.,Cohesiveness连贯:can be realize by employing various cohesive device(衔接手段):,conjunction 连词 ellipsis 省略 lexical repetition

10、 词汇复现 lexical collocation 词汇搭配 reference 指称 substitution替代,“Did she get there at six?”“No,(she got there)earlier(than six).”(Ellipsis)“Shall we invite Bill?”“No.I cant stand the man.”(Lexical collocation)He couldnt open the door.It was locked tight.(Reference)“Why dont you use your own recorder?”“I dont have one.”(Substitution)I wanted to help him.Unfortunately it was too late.(Logical connection),Thank you,