英语国家社会与文化(英3).ppt

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1、The UK-Politics,Class&Race,Hi!Everyone!In this period of time,you will go through the text with me and learn something about British political system,such as the national election,major political parties and recent political trend.Before we start,we shall look at some questions and please write down

2、 your answer in the space below.Then you can check the correct answer to see if you have got them right.,Part I Warm-up questions,1.For how many years is a general election held once in the UK?Five years2.Who can stand for election as an MP?Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP.3.What ar

3、e the three major parties?The Conservative,Labour and Liberal Democrats4.Which party is the party that spent most time in power?The Conservative Party5.Which party does Tony Blair belong to?The Labour Party,Part II Focal points,1.Importance of general elections(大选的重要性)2.Formation of the government(政

4、府的形成)3.Vote of no confidence(不信任投票)4.Political parties:The Conservative party(保守党),The Labor party(工党),Liberal Democrats(自由民主党)5.Recent political trends in the UK(英国最近的政治动向)6.Margaret Thatcher(玛格丽特撒切尔)John Major(约翰梅杰)Tony Blair(托尼布莱尔)Gorden Brown(戈登布朗)David Cameron(大卫卡梅伦),7.class system in the Briti

5、sh society(英国社会中的等级制度)8.the hereditary aristocracy(世袭贵族)9.ethnic relations in Britain(英国的民族关系),Part III Words&Expressions,Part IV Language points,1.the importance of general elections(held every 5 years)1)General elections are very important in the western democracy.According to the author,they prov

6、ide opportunities for people to influence future government policies and to replace those incompetent political leaders.2)Anyone who is eligible to vote with 500 pounds as deposit can stand as an MP.British people are represented in parliament by one of 659 members of parliament representing the 659

7、 geographical areas or“constituencies”into which the UK is divided.,3)After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a“general election”.4)The electoral campaigns:before a general election,in order to make their ideologies and policies known to the public,the political pa

8、rties would start their electoral campaigns.,Conservatives Launch General Election Campaign with David Cameron,2.the formation of the government 659 members of parliament are elected in the general election representing 659 constituencies in the UK.The party which holds a majority of those“seats”in

9、parliament forms the government,with its party leader as the Prime Minister.A government can be in power for 5 years.659名国会议员在大选中被选出来代表英国的659个选区。在议会中获得多数席位的党派就成为执政党，该党派领袖就成为首相。一届政府可以执政5年，然后再进行下一届大选。,3.vote of no confidence(不信任投票)A statement put forward by an MP usually a member of an opposition part

10、y for the House of Commons to vote on saying that“This house no longer has confidence in the Government”.If the government loses a“vote of no confidence”in the House of Commons,that is,if a majority of MPs agree,then it has effectively lost its ability to govern and is forced to resign and call a ge

11、neral election.An example of this happened in 1979 with the Labor government,4.political parties,There are 2 main parties:Labor and Conservative(Tories).The leader of the party who wins the most seats in the election(PM)is invited to Buckingham Palace by the Monarch and asked to form a government.Th

12、e 3rd party is the Social&Liberal Democratic Party,better known as the Liberal Democrats.Until 1918 the 2 main parties were the Conservative and Liberal Parties(Whigs),but the latter was displaced by the Labor party after the date.Other parties include:Communist Parties,Nationalist Parties,and the r

13、ecently founded(1974)Ecology Party.,the Conservative,the Labour,the Liberal Democrats,the Green Party,Ulster Unionist Party,Sinn Fin Party,*The multi-party system,The multi-party system:more than two parties with some impact on a states political life No guaranteed absolute majority for any partyA h

14、ealthy political rivalry(竞争),4.political parties,1)the Labor party One of the 2 biggest parties in the UK.It is also the newest party,created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It is a socialist party,believing that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms,and t

15、hat the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor.It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.工党在1945年开始掌权，是英国的两大党派之一，也是最新的党派。它是一个社会党，认为一个社会在经济方面应该相对平等，政府应该在富人和穷人之间重新分配财富。它还认为政府应该为所有人提供一系列的公共服务。,The Labour government c

16、ame to power in 1945:In 1948,set up the National Health Service to provide high quality health care for all,free,“from cradle to grave”provide a range of welfare payments nationalize a wide range of industries,2)the Conservative party One of the 2 biggest parties in the UK.It is basically the party

17、of the individual,protecting the individual s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he/she wants.It advocates economic policies which are favourable to businessmen,such as low taxes.From 1979 to 1997,the Conservative party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quite a long period of

18、time.从根本上讲，它是个人主义的政党，个人获得财富的权利以及自由支配个人财富的权利。提倡一些商人们喜欢的经济政策，例如，低税政策。The difference between the Labour party and the Conservative Party is one of degree,not an absolute.,The policies of the Conservative:1)privatize nationalized industry(successful,companies become efficient and profitable*negative con

19、sequences of the policy:Unemployment went up Poverty increased Government welfare payments have become less generous.So the society became less equal-atime of“private affluence and public squalor”(一部分个人富裕起来,而大部分百姓的生活却贫困化,公众福利制度也处于困境),2)cut tax rates(a less re-distributive taxation system 削弱再分配性质的税收制

20、度)Summary of the political trend in the 1980s:British politics move to the“right”,away from the“public”and toward the“private”;away from the“social”,and toward the“individual”.,David Cameron,next Prime Minister of the United Kingdom?,Comparison of Manifestos 2005(2005年政策主张比较),Conservative,Labour,Hea

21、lth ability to pay,willingness to pay,Health need,Education individual liberty,Education national scheme/plan,Law&Order implementation of law,Law&Order tougher measures,Europe nationalism,Europe internationalism,Overall aim individualism,liberty,Overall aim greater equality,Economy to take less,Econ

22、omy to give more,Election Manifestos 2005(2005年大选口号),Labour ManifestoYour family better off Your child achieving more Your children with the best start Your family treated better and faster Your community safer Your countrys borders protected,Conservativemore police,cleaner hospitals,lower taxes,sch

23、ool discipline,controlled immigration and accountability,3)the Liberal DemocratsThe 3rd biggest party and often seen as a party of the“middle”,occupying the ideological ground between the two major parties.(自由民主党经常被看作是“中间党”，其意识形态居于两大党之间.)They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance

24、 of the individual and the social.They emphasize the need to change the Britains constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.,5.Recent political trends The 1970s were a decade of problems in the UK.The economy did badly,with high inflation and low growth.Big pr

25、ivate companies started to go bankrupt,and the nationalized industries were seen as inefficient.In 1979,the Labour government faced a vote of no confidence,which it lost,causing a general election.This was won by the Conservative under their leader Margaret Thatcher,who became the UKs first woman Pr

26、ime Minister.,6.Margaret Thatcher(ruled 1979-1990)She came into power as Britains first woman Prime Minister in 1979 when her Conservative party won the general election.She advocated the idea of small government and free-market economics.During her term as the Prime Minister,she carried out policie

27、s to privatize the nationalized industry and to cut tax rates.As a result,many businesses boomed but unemployment increased.She was later replaced by John Major in 1990.1979年，当保守党赢得大选时，玛格丽特撒切尔成为第一位女首相。她主张政府少干预和自由市场经济。她在位期间，实行了一些使国有工业私有化的政策和减税政策。结果，许多商业公司繁荣起来，但是失业率却上升了。后来在1990年的大选中，她被约翰梅杰取代。,Margaret

28、 Thatcher,the“Iron Lady”,Thatcher with US First Lady Nancy Reagan at 10 Downing Street,1986,The Thatchers with the Reagans 16 November 1988,*Sir John Major,(born 29 March 1943)is a British politician,who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to

29、 1997.During his term as Prime Minister,the world went through a period of political and military transition after the end of the Cold War.,*Anthony Charles Lynton Blair(born 6 May 1953)is a former British Labor politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27

30、June 2007.He was the Member of Parliament for from 1983 to 2007 and Leader of Labor Party from 1994 to 2007;he resigned from all these positions in June 2007.,Tony Blair and George W.Bush on 12 November 2004.,*James Gordon Brown(born 20 February 1951)is the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and L

31、eader of the Labor Party.Brown became Prime Minister in June 2007,after the resignation of Tony Blair and three days after becoming leader of the governing Labor Party.,Brown with former U.S.President George W.Bush,Gordon Brown and President Barack Obama in the White House,7.Class system in British

32、society The class system does exist in British society.British society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes-the Upper Class,the Middle Class,and the Lower or Working Class.This is known as the Class system and it is important to know something about it if you want to underst

33、and British people and society.Most British people grow up with a deep knowledge and understanding of the class system even if they are not very conscious of it.Most people know which class they belong to by the way they speak,their clothes,their interests or even the type of food they eat.,1)Most o

34、f the British population would claim themselves to be either of middle-class or working-class,though some people would actually belong to the upper middle-class or lower middle-class.大多数的英国人宣称他们自己是中产阶级或是工人阶级，不过有些人确切地说应该属于中上阶级或中下阶级。2)Class divisions are not simply economic,they are cultural as well.阶

35、级区分不单单是经济上的，他们也是文化上的。,Social class is not only about behavior and attitudes.For example,although many upper class people are rich and may own a lot of land,having a lot of money does not make a person upper class.It is also important to come from a particular kind of family,have friends who are cons

36、idered suitable,have been to a certain type of private school and speak with the right kind of accent.There are people who are poor but who do not think of themselves as working class because their family background,education,political opinions,etc.are different to those of most working-class people

37、.Many people do not like the class system but it is impossible to pretend that these differences do not exist or that British people do not sometimes form opinions in this way.,3)People of different classes may differ in the kind of newspapers they read,in the way they speak and in the kind of educa

38、tion they receive.One of the distinctive features about the British class system is that aristocratic titles can still be inherited.不同阶级的人所读的报纸不同，讲话的方式也不同，所受的教育也不同。英国阶级制度一大特点是：贵族头衔仍然可以继承。What is distinctive about the British class-system,and what marks it as different from the American social struct

39、ure,is that it has retained a hereditary aristocracy.,8.The hereditary aristocracy(世袭贵族):A distinctive feature of the British class-system.Children from these aristocratic families can inherit aristocratic titles as well as fortune.And the senior tier of the aristocracy also inherit the right to be

40、lords in the House of Lords.(*But they do not dominate the UK society because real power in the Parliament rests in the elected House of Commons and the majority of working“Lords”in the House of Lords 上院中的积极分子 are not from aristocratic families either,but have been made“life peers”),Life peers(爵位不能世

41、袭的)终身贵族:lords of their lifetime,but whose children cannot inherit the titles.They are made life peers out of recognition for achievement in UK society.*Oxbridge:refers to the two top universities in Britain:Oxford and Cambridge.These two universities not only offer good education,but also offer a ne

42、twork of connections.Graduates from these two universities occupy a high proportion of the top level of many aspects of British society.,Peerage Dignities Created Under the Life Peerages Act 1958,9.Ethnic relations(族群关系)in the UK 1)Around 5%of British citizens are immigrants:South Asia India,Pakista

43、n and Sri Lanka and Caribbean countries Jamaica and Trinidad(特立尼达岛)are from non-European ethnic groups.2)effects positive:has greatly enriched British culture food,music,writings,religion.来自世界其它地方的移民大大丰富了英国的文化,negative:ethnic relations have tensed:the local people view the newcomers as a threat to t

44、heir way of living;and despite much official action to minimize racism,both subtle and overt oppression remains.The immigrant population is not well-off economically.They face problems of unemployment,under-representation in politics and unfair treatment by police and justice system.但是英国的民族关系有时候还是很紧

45、张:当地的人把新来的人看作是对他们的生活方式的一种威胁。尽管官方采取了许多行动来将种族主义降低到最低限度，但是隐性和显性的压迫还是存在。移民人口在经济上还不富裕。他们面临失业的问题，政治上代表名额不足，受警察和司法制度的不公正待遇。,Part V Text Translation,大选（译文）为什么大选如此重要？周期性的大选在西方式的民主制度中非常重要。英国人民为争取推举代表自己利益的议员候选人，取得选举权而进行了200多年不断的斗争。虽然国会议员选举制已有几百年的历史，但在1832年，仅有5%的成年人被允许参加投票；到1884年，不断的政治运动使该比例上升到25%；到1919年是75%；到1

46、928年已达当今水平，大约是99%.（那些被排除在外的是上议院的贵族，某些类型的罪犯，法律上认可的精神病患者，以及侨居英国的外国公民。不过，侨居英国的爱尔兰共和国公民，可参加投票。）大选被视为是影响未来政府政策的一次良机。或者退一步说，不管政治体制存在着什么样的缺陷，大选至少可以给人们一次“把无赖踢出去”的机会。,什么时候产生选举？（译文）正如前一章节所述，英国人由659个国会议员中的一名来做代表，而这659名国会议员代表英国所划分的659个选区。在国会中占有多数席位的政党形成政府，而其领袖成为首相。当一届政府执政五年之后，必须辞职，并进行新的大选，在大选中，所有的英国成年人又一次投票机会来选

47、举他们选区的国会议员。一届政府执政不能超过五年，除非是在特殊情况下。（20世纪出现过两次例外，两次大选分别被推迟到一战和二战结束后。）然而，首相可以在不满五年时召集大选。当政府在下议院中的不信任投票中输了时（比如1979年），这种提前选举可能发生。所谓“不信任投票”是指某一国会议员（通常是反对党中的一员）提出这样一条声明：“下议院对该任政府已失去信心”，并让国会议员们对此进行投票；如果多数国会议员同意这一声明，那么该政府就真的失去了执政的能力，被迫辞职，进行新的大选。提前选举还有一种可能性：就是如果首相认为该任政府上前很受欢迎（也许经济很繁荣），因而提前进行大选以期两次赢得五年的执政时间，因为

48、等到期满时，可能因已经变得不受欢迎而在大选中失败。,谁能参加竞选国会议员？（译文）任何一个有资格参加选举投票的人都可以成为议员候选人。当然，必须先交500英镑的保证金（在英国这是很容易筹到的款额），并且获得至少5%的选票才能收回这笔钱。这是为了防止人们把参加竞选当儿戏。但是英国大选如果没有那些乖僻的无希望获胜的人诸如“怪物疯话疯子党”参加竞选的话，就不完整了。（意思是英国的大选中，每次都有一些怪人参加。这里提到的“怪物疯话疯子党”是60年代由一摇滚歌手建立的，没有什么跟随者，但每次选举都参选。）但是大多数情况下，如果你不是由主要的政党之一推举出来的候选人，你不大可能劝服许多人投你的票。即使选民

49、们尊重你及你的主张，他们会把投你的这一票视作废票，因为即使你获胜赢得议员席位，在议会中面对大党的多数议员们，你还是无能为力。（意思是在英国，小党或独立候选人没有获胜执政的机会。）投票选举独立的候选人实际上等于无法参与大党之间争夺执政权的竞争。有一些小党派也曾获得选举上的成功，尤其是与某一特定地区的政治有关的党派，如“威尔士党”。但想要在国家政治中产生影响，通常情况下必须加入某一大党派，并且申请做某一选区的候选人。,选举时发生什么事？（译文）选举日期一旦确定下来，选举登记册（有资格投票的公民的列表）上的每个人都会收到一张邮来的投票卡，卡上详细写明投票时间及地点。选举登记册是根据各种不同的资料来源

50、编纂而成的，但核查自己的名字是否在登记册上是选民自己的事比如，有时人们搬家之后忘了重新登记了。,同时政党也开始着手进行竞选运动。竞选运动的方式主要有在报纸上登竞选广告、上门游说（候选人或他们在当地的支持者挨户敲门，试图劝说选民们投他们一票）、邮寄竞选传单，主要政党还可以在电视上进行严格时间控制的“政党竞选电视讲话”：各大党可有数次公开演讲的机会，但每次不得长于10分钟，在国家电视台向公众“推销”他们的政策。（电视台）提供的时间是免费的，但时间的长短按该党上一次大选中获得的投票率分配。不允许他们花钱买更多的电视讲话时间，那样做会有利于富有的政党而对贫穷一些的政党不利。相同地，为了公平的原则，对每