英语四级考试翻译部分transla.ppt
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1、一、汉译英扫雷 虚拟、倒装、时态和语态 考点透析1.虚拟语气1)if 虚拟条件句2)wish后的虚拟语气 3)表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语后的虚拟语气 4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型,非真实条件句,e.g.If the whole operation had not been planned beforehand,a great deal of time and money would have been lost如果整个运作过程不是已经提前规划好了的话,就会损失掉大量的时间和金钱了。需要注意的是,有时候主从句所指的时间概念会有不一致的情况,比如条件句是表示对
2、过去的假设,而主句是表示对现在事实或将来可能造成的影响。e.g.:If l hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,you couldnt be smiling like this now 如果你摔下来时我没有站在梯子下面接住你,你现在就不可能像现在这样笑了。,If she had returned an hour earlier,Mary_(就不会被大雨淋了)Key:would not have been caught by/in the heavy rain2)wish后的虚拟语气 wish后面的宾语从句常用虚拟语气,
3、表示的是某种无法实现的愿望,说话人常用它来表示对实际情况的不满、不情愿、不接受、遗憾、后悔等感情。宾语从句的谓语动词主要有三种形式:现在的愿望 were/did过去的愿望 had+done would should couldmight have 十 done表示对将来的愿望,wouldshouldcouldmight 十 do,e.g.:I wish I were as tall as you.He wished he hadnt said that.I wish it would rain tomorrow.I didnt go to the party last night,but I
4、do wish I had been there。昨晚我没去舞会,但是我真的很希望我去了。,3)表示建议、主张、命令、请求等概念的词语后的虚拟语气 这类词语由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,所以后面接的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句的谓语动词往往采用(should)+do/be done 常见的这类词语包括:动词 动词相应的名词 形容词:It is+adj.+that,The law requires that everyone should have his car checked at least once a year.He urges that the restrictions shoul
5、d be lifted.My proposal is that the meeting should be postponed till a later time.His advice that John should wait until next week is quite reasonable.It is important that the applicant should state his reasons for wishing to work for our company.It is imperative that these safety rules be obeyed by
6、 everyone 所有人必须遵守这些安全规则,4)熟悉常见的能引出虚拟语气的词语以及一些特殊的虚拟语气句型 除了if以外,还有一些词语也经常用于引出虚拟语气,如lest for fear that 唯恐、免得、为了不使 e.g.Lest the wall should collapse,they evacuated the building.The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.but for(要不是因为)e.g.:But for your kindly help,I could
7、nt have done that job so well要不是有你的热心帮助,我不可能把工作做得那么好。in case(以防)otherwise without,另外,考生还要掌握一些特殊的虚拟句式,常见的包括:1)if only 要是就好了;但愿,与现在相反用过去时与过去相反用过去完成时Would+do 表示愿望难以实现、遗憾或不满If only he didnt drive so fast!If only he had remembered to buy some fruit.If only the rain would stop!If only I had more money,I c
8、ould buy the new clothes.,2)would rather/would sooner/would(just)as soon+that 宁愿,与现在或将来相反,动词用过去时与过去相反,动词用过去完成时I would rather you didnt call tomorrow afternoon.I shall be entertaining visitors.My parents would rather we lived in the country than in the city.Mother is so upset.Id rather you hadnt told
9、 her about the matter.I would rather you went home now.,3)It is(about/high)time+that 该是的时候了 that从句中用一般过去时It is time we stopped.Its about time you had your hair cut.Its high time he found himself a regular job.,4)as if/as though,与现在相反用过去时与过去相反用过去完成时He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had
10、 happened.She spoke to me as if I were deaf.This tool operates/operated as though it had been repaired.,2.倒装 倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装,全部倒装是指将主谓完全倒装,部分倒装是指将助动词提前构成倒装。汉译英中主要考查的是部分倒装。部分倒装主要应用于以下几种情况:1)由否定词或短语提前引起部分倒装常见的能引起倒装的否定词或短语有:no,not,never,neither,nor,seldom,hardly,scarcely,rarely,barely,little,few,,by no m
11、eans in no way in no case on no account under no circumstances hardly/scarcely when no soonerthan not onlybut also not untile.g.:Hardly had he arrived the railway station,When the train left 他刚一到车站火车就开了。Not until he had finished his mission did he realize that he was seriously ill.直到他完成使命,他才意识到自己已经病
12、得很重了。,2)由“only+状语”提前引起部分倒装“only+状语”位于句首时,句子要求部分倒装。e.g.:Only in this way can this problem be solved in a short time 只有这样该问题才能够在短期内得以解决。3)as引导让步状语从句时需要部分倒装 as引导让步状语从句时,需将as所在句子的表语部分提前,引起部分倒装。e.g.:Young as he is,he has been a teacher for three years虽然他还年轻,可他已经当了三年老师了。4)sothat从句中“so”提前引起部分倒装在sothat(如此以至
13、于)句型中,如果“so位于句首,其所在的主句要求部分倒装。e.g.:So beautiful is the scenery of the place that every year hundreds of visitors come here该地的风景如此美丽,以至于每年都有成百上千的游客来到这里。,5)if条件句的倒装if引出的条件句(经常是虚拟条件句)可将should等助动词提前,将if省略,构成部分倒装。e.g.:Had(if)I come earlier,I wouldnt have missed that wonderful speech如果我早点来的话,我就不会错过那场精彩的演讲了
14、。e.g.Not only_(他向我收费过高),but he didnt do a good repair job eitherKey:did he charge me too much/did he overcharge me,3.时态和语态 英语中一共有16种时态,四级考试汉译英部分重点考查的是一般过去时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、将来完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。考生在复习时要注意各个时态的主要用法,翻译时要注意抓住句子中的时间状语,判断其是表示现在、将来还是过去,是短暂时间还是延续性时间?从而确定译文的时态。e.g.:After searching for half an
15、hour,he found that her glasses had been lying on the table找了半个小时以后,她发现自己的眼镜一直就在桌子上。语态问题虽然很少会单独考查,但也是汉译英涉及的重要知识点之一,考生应引起重视,在考虑句子时态的同时也要考虑应使用何种语态。而且,需要注意的是,语态问题不仅仅是针对谓语动词,非谓语动词的语态问题也同样重要。e.g.Though a skilled worker,_(他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisisKey:he was fired by the company disch
16、arged dismissed,专题演练1It annoyed him that no sooner_(他刚上车,就发现忘了带钱了)2It is advisable that_(这些项目尽早完工)3By the end of that year,Henry_(已收集了一千多张外国邮票)4_(直到所有的证据摆在他面前)did he confess his crime5If you had not run the red light,_(事故就不会发生了)6A broad scientific census says that_(地球气候正在明显变暖)7Only after the acciden
17、t _(他才让人对他的车进行了仔细的检查),8John couldnt have known the news,_(否则他早就发出申请了)9I wish _(我的家乡四季如春)10.If _(进入一个装满水的浴缸),some of the water will overflow onto the floor11Were I in your place,_(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会)12Many people agree that its very necessary that_(合理地规划间)13Not only_(他们不仅做了音乐表演),but they also gave a brief i
18、ntroduction to the history of Western brass instruments。,二、重点语法扫雷之二:从句、非谓语动词、情态动词 汉译英中另外三类常考的语法点:从句、非谓语动词和情态动词。熟悉考点之后,再进行一定的强化训练,这部分的分值就不难拿到。考点透析1.各类从句 英语中各类从句,包括名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句,是汉译英的考查重点。关于几种从句的常规用法,由于时间有限,在这里不进行详细讲解,考生可自己参考语法书进行复习。另外,对于名词性从句和定语从句的重点知识,考生可参考第一周完形填空第一天知识通关中的介绍;对于状语从句的各种引导词,考生可参考第一周完
19、形填空第二天知识通关中的介绍。考生在翻译从句时要注意以下几点:该从句是什么从句;从句用什么词来引导,引导词在句中做什么成分;从句应采用的语序,是否涉及倒装问题;从句应采用什么时态,注意主句和从句时态的一致性。,e.g.:No sooner had we reached the top of the hill than we all sat down to rest我们刚一到达山顶,就都坐下来休息。1)_(很多人所没有意识到的)is that Simon is a lover of sports,and football in particularKey:What many people don
20、t realize2)The anti-virus agent was not known _(直到一名医生偶然发现了它)Key:until a doctor discovered it by chance,2.非谓语动词 非谓语动词包括不定式、分词和动名词,考生在复习时首先要了解这几种非谓语动词的基本用法。一般来说,不定式常表示目的或将要发生,过去分词常表示完成和被动,现在分词常表示进行和主动,动名词则相当于名词的作用,常做宾语或主语。考生在翻译非谓语动词时,应注意以下几点:1)非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系 根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定使用主动语态还是被动语态,从
21、而确定是采用现在分词还是过去分词。e.g.:After being interviewed for the job,you will be required to take a language test 面试以后,你将被要求参加一项语言测试。(interview与其逻辑主语 you之间是被动关系),2)非谓语动词同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系 非谓语动词表示的动作与主句谓语动词的动作同时发生或不分先后发生时,用现在分词一般式、动名词一般式或过去分词;非谓语动词表示的动作在主句谓语动词之前发生时,用现在分词完成式、动名词完成式或不定式完成式;非 谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之后时,多
22、用不定式一般e.g.:Not knowing her address,I couldnt write to her不知道她的地址,我没法给她写信。(现在分词一般式,表示的动作与主句谓语动词的动作不分先后发生)The man confessed to having told a lie to the judge那个人承认之前对法官说了谎。(动名词完成式,表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前)Please tell me the topic to be discussed in the meeting this afternoon请告诉我今天下午会上要讨论的主题。(不定式一般式,表示的动作发生在
23、主句谓语动词的动作之后),3)动名词的复合结构 动名词的复合结构是由形容词性物主代词或名词的(s)所有格加上动名词构成。e.g.:All his friends suggest his quitting that job as early as possible他所有的朋友都建议他尽早辞掉那份工作。4)分词的独立主格结构 当分词带有自己的逻辑主语,即其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,这种结构我们就称为分词的独立主格结构。一般来说,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是不能连接两个句子的,其中一部分要么是非谓语动词短语,要么就是分词的独立主格结构。e.g.:So many directors bein
24、g absent,the board meeting had to be put off这么多董事缺席,董事会只好推迟了。,5)不定式的完成式表示“原计划或打算要做而没做睁事”下列动词后常接不定式的完成式(to have done)结构,表示“原计划要做而没做的事”:claim,desire,mean,promise,hope,plan,wish,expect,intend,pretend等。e.g.:He planed to have gone fishing but he suddenly had an important meeting to attend他本来计划去钓鱼,可是他突然有个
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