气候变暖与节约能源.ppt

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1、全球变暖及其影响 Global warming and its impact,Global Warming&energy efficiency全球变暖和能源有效利用,内容,关于全球变暖What is global warming全球变暖的影响The impact of global warming,太热了 Too hot,比以前暖和了 warmer and better,全球变暖？Global warming?,Enough clothes!,过去140年全球温度变化情况,21世纪全球升温状况预测,Source:IPCC report 3,2001,全球变暖原因,Source:IPCC rep

2、ort 3,2001,温室气体 Greenhouse Gas,指大气中那些吸收和重新放出红外辐射的自然的和人为的气态成分The gaseous constituents of the atmosphere,both natural and anthropogenic,that absorb and re-emit infrared radiation.,温室效应早已存在：Greenhouse effect is natural没有温室气体地球表面温度为零下18C.without,average temperature would be ca.-18C.温室气体是地球生命的保证 natural”

3、greenhouse effect enables life on earth温室气体使地球表面温度保持在平均15C average temperature is ca.15C.自然界存在的温室气体：The natural greenhouse gases are:氧气：Oxygen 臭氧：Ozone 二氧化碳：Carbon dioxide 水蒸气：Water vapour,人类活动排放的温室气体,二氧化碳 Carbon dioxide(CO2)甲烷 Methane(CH4)氧化亚氮 Nitrous oxide(N2O)氢氟碳化物 Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)氟化碳 Per

4、fluorocarbons(PFCs)六氟化硫 Sulphur hexafluoride(SF6),二氧化碳 Carbon Dioxide,主要的人为二氧化碳排放来自化石燃料的燃烧：The main source of anthropogenic CO2 emissions is the burning of fossil fuels:热力 heating电厂 power generation交通 transportation森林砍伐 Deforestation生产排放 Process emissions金属生产 Metal production 水泥工业 Cement production,

5、全球CO2 排放 Global CO2 Emissions,内容,关于全球变暖What is global warming全球变暖的影响The impact of global warming,Water resources水资源AgricultureForestSpecies,Sea levelHuman healthTourismInsurance,全球变暖的影响,中国北部的干旱,更多干旱和洪水,Since 1980s,Drought in North China continued.Annual precipitation of Jing-Jin regione,Hai-Luan Riv

6、er Basin,Shandong Byland decreased 1015%/10yrSince 1990s,drought region extended to south and west.Annual precipitation of upper and middle reaches area of the Yellow River,Han river valley,Upper reaches area of Huai River and Sichuan basin decreased 510%in the past 9 years.The PR China Initial Nati

7、onal Communication on Climate Change,2004,中国南方的洪水,1991:Flood in Huai River1994:Flood in Dongting Lake basin1996:Flood in Dongting Lake basin1995:Flood in Poyang Lake basin1998:Flood in Yangtze River,Zhu River,Songhua River exceeded historical values ever recorded1999:Flood in Tai lake basin exceeded

8、 historical values ever recorded2003:Flood in Huai River,Huang River and Wei River2005:Disastrous flood in Zhu River The PR China Initial National Communication on Climate Change,2004,更多干旱和洪水,Drought,Flood,Predicting Occurrence of Drought and Flood in China as a Response to Global Climate Change,200

9、6,更多干旱和洪水,冰川退缩,Area of western mountain glacier decreased 21%since global warming短时期水量增多，长期则出现水资源匮乏,Tian Mountain,Himalayas glacier is retreating at the rate of 10-15m/yr,Melting glacier(Everest,6500m)融化的海拔6500米的珠峰东绒布垭口冰川,Gobi desert after glacier retreat(North slope of MtEverest,5200-5800m)冰川退缩后，珠峰

10、北坡海拔5200米至5800米之间形成的越来越高的戈壁滩,Glacier retreat in source region of the Yangtze river,The PR China Initial National Communication on Climate Change,2004An overview of glaciers,glacier retreat,and its subsequent impacts in the Nepal,India and China,2005http:/,The citizens in Qumalai County,located at th

11、e source region of yangtze river,have to buy water for living.地处长江源头第一县的曲麻莱县，过去水资源十分丰富，但是近年来却出现了河流干涸、地下水位下降、冰川退缩等现象，这里的居民生活在“住在源头买水喝”的窘境当中。,冰川退缩,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgriculture农业ForestSpecies,Sea levelHuman healthTourismInsurance,Global warming makes the potential growing season of crops longer,w

12、hich may makes multiple cropping system extend.But this probability might be counteracted by shortage of water due to more evaporation.气候变暖使得农业生长的潜在生长季有所延长，为多熟种植制度的增加带来了可能，但是气温升高的同时，蒸发量增大，热量资源增加的有利因素可能由于水的匮乏而无法得到充分利用 Combined effect of several factors,such as loss of essential species,increased inci

13、dence of flooding,climate-induced outbreaks of pests and so on will decrease crop yield.气候变化产生的温度变化以外的影响，如物种的消失，洪涝灾害的加剧，病虫害的发生等会综合影响农作物产量 When CO2 doubled,content of amino acids and proteins in soybean,winter wheat and maize will decrease CO2浓度加倍的条件下，大豆、冬小麦和玉米的氨基酸和粗蛋白含量均呈下降趋势 climate change and envi

14、ronmental change in China,2005Stern review,2006National Assessment Report on Climate Change,2007,农业,农作物减产,In 2030,Crop yield in China will probably decrease 5-10%,Production of three main crops will mostly decrease.(rising temperature,aggravating flood and waterlogging,water shortage),Science,impact

15、 and countermeasures for climate change,2002,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgricultureForest森林Species,Sea levelHuman healthTourismInsurance,森林受到危害,With climate change,productivity of forestry per unit area will increase,but because forest distribution area will decrease greatly,the total forest production

16、will go down.根据目前的气候变化预估，我国森林单位面积的生产力将增加，但森林分布面积将缩小，森林的木材产量将下降。因此，林业受到损失,Climate change and environmental change in China,2005,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgricultureForestSpecies物种,Sea levelHuman healthTourismInsurance,对陆地生物的影响,Climate change will intimidate the endangered species and the species that h

17、as accustomed to cold weather,such as,panda,Yunnan snub-nosed monkey,white-lipped deer,Taiwania flousiana Gaussen,Ammopiptanthus mongolicus and Tibets antelope.未来气候变化将对濒危物种的栖息地及气候适应范围狭窄的高山物种、已适应青藏高原高寒气候的物种和迁移能力弱的物种，如大熊猫、滇金丝猴、白唇鹿、秃杉、沙冬青和藏羚羊等造成威胁。The PR China Initial National Communication on Climate

18、Change,2004,秃杉,藏羚羊,对熊猫的影响,Panda migrate to north and high altitude 大熊猫整体向北和向高海拔处迁移 Light conditions change,especially longer day length will urge bamboo blooming and accelerate bamboo fading 大熊猫栖息地光照条件的改变，特别是日照时数的增加可能会促进大熊猫主食竹的开花，加速其衰老 Warm weather will facilitate natural rebirth of young bamboo.变暖有

19、利于幼竹的天然更新 Impact of climate change on Pandas habitat,2004,对海洋生物的影响,Coral bleaching has become increasingly prevalent in coastland of Hainan,guangxi,Taiwan,Xianggang.海南、广西、台湾、香港沿海及其他南海海域均发现不同程度的珊瑚白化现象 When coral is bleaching,the fishes depend on coral are also endangered 珊瑚发生白化死亡，栖息于此的鱼类也将面临灭绝的风险 The

20、 PR China Initial National Communication on Climate Change,2004,When temperature increase 2,mangrove will extend to north with 2.50 of latitude.The northern border of mangrove will move from Fujian to Zhejiang 气温升高2度后，中国沿岸的各种红树植物分布区可能会向北扩展2.5个纬度，红树林的自然分部北界可由现在的福建省福鼎市达到浙江省嵊县附近。But mangrove may be des

21、troyed by rise of sea level and climate disasters 但海平面上升和气候灾害可能毁坏大面积的红树林 The PR China Initial National Communication on Climate Change,2004,广西山口红树林湿地,东寨港红树林,对海洋生物的影响,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgricultureForestSpecies,Sea level海平面上升Human healthTourismInsurance,海平面上升,There are 143,900km2 of coast land lo

22、wer than 5 m,which is about 1.5%of all land area of China.Among these regions,Zhu River delta,Yangtze River and North Jiangsu province,Huang River delta and Penglai bay are main vulnerable regions.我国高程低于5m的沿海面积达14.39万km2，约占全国国土面积的1.5%。其中，珠江三角洲、长江三角洲及苏北沿岸、黄河三角洲及蓬莱湾为重点脆弱区。During the past 50 years,sea

23、level rose at the rate 1.4-2.5 mm/year.近50年海平面平均上升速率为mm。Sea level keeps on rising.Till 2030,coastal sea level will rise 1-16 cm and till 2050,it will rise 6-26mm,and at the end of 21th century,it will rise 30-70mm.根据预测，我国未来海面还将继续上升，到2030年中国沿海海平面上升幅度为1-16cm，到2050年上升幅度为6-26cm，预计到21世纪末将达到30-70cm。,Clima

24、te change and environmental change in China,2005,Prediction of economic loss for Zhu River delta by rise of sea level珠江三角洲受海平面上升影响的经济损失预测,China Climate Change Country Study,2000,海平面上升,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgricultureForestSpecies,Sea levelHuman health人类健康TourismInsurance,Increased temperature is l

25、ikely to make conditions more favourable for mosquitoes,increasing the risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.气温上升会令蚊子更容易滋生，增加如疟疾和登革热等由蚊子传播的疾病的风险。An increase in the frequency or severity of heat waves is likely to increase(predominantly cardio-respiratory)illness and mortal

26、ity.热浪增多或增强，很可能会增加心肺疾病的发病率和死亡率。34 was the threshold temperature for heat-related mortality;By 2050 there will be 3.6 to 7.1 times more heat-related deaths in that city.酷热致死的临界温度是34。在上海因酷热致死的个案到2050年将会较现时增加3.6至7.1倍。,对人类健康影响,The impacts of climate change in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta,2006,Foo

27、d-borne and water-borne diseases are also predicted to become more intense and more frequent,as conditions become more favourable for bacteria and micro-organisms.由于气候环境更适合细菌和微生物繁殖，预计由食物和食水传播的疾病将会变得更严重和发生得更频密。Global warming will accelerate photochemical reaction rates among chemical pollutants in th

28、e atmosphere,increasing oxidants in many urban areas.High levels of photochemical oxidants are associated with eye irritation,severe respiratory irritation,increased frequency of asthmatic attacks of susceptible persons and decreased pulmonary functions 全球变暖会加速大气中化学污染物的光化学反应率，因而令市区的氧化剂增加。高浓度的光化学氧化剂会

29、引致眼睛过敏、严重呼吸道过敏、哮喘发病率增加和削弱肺功能等。,对人类健康影响,The impacts of climate change in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta,2006,全球变暖的影响,Water resourcesAgricultureForestSpecies,Sea levelHuman healthTourism旅游业Insurance保险,More adverse than beneficial impacts on biological and socioeconomic systems are projected.全球变暖正在给人类造成日益严重的威胁我们必须要采取有效的行动,节约能源，阻止气候变暖，为了一个生机勃勃的地球for a living planetwww.wwfchina.org,