工程硕士研究生英语基础教程课件.ppt

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1、Unit 5,Part A Text(Teach Your Child to Wonder)Part B Grammar(分词)Part C Supplementary Reading(Benchmarking Practices at Xerox),I.Background Information,B.F.Skinners quote:Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.B.F.Skinner:斯金纳(1904-1990)美国行为主义心理学家，新行为主义的代表人物，操作性条件反射理论

2、的奠基者。他创制了研究动物学习活动的仪器 斯金纳箱。1950年当选为国家科学院院士，1958年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖，1968年获美国总统颁发的最高科学荣誉国家科学奖。,斯金纳的生平及著作 BF斯金纳(Burrhus Frederic Skinner，19041990)1904年3月20日出生在美国宾夕法尼亚州的萨斯奎汉纳镇上。像许多心理学先驱者一样，斯金纳在1922年进汉密尔顿学院读书时，并未打算成为一名心理学家，而是专修英文，打算成为一名作家。在毕业后的两年内，从事于写作，结果感到没有什么可写的，于是攻读生物学。在这个过程中，他读了华生和巴甫洛夫的著作，从而开始对人类和动物的行

3、为感兴趣，就进了哈佛大学攻读心理学。1930年获心理学硕士学位，1931年获哲学博士学位。接着留校从事研究工作。1936年至1944年在明尼苏达大学任讲师和副教授，1945年任印第安纳大学心理系教授和系主任，1948年返回哈佛大学任心理学教授，直到1974年退休。在这期间，他于1958年获美国心理学会授予的杰出科学奖；1968年获美国政府颁发的最高科学奖国家科学奖；1971年获美国心理学会基金会颁发的金质奖章。,斯金纳的实验和学说最早是在1938年出版的有机体的行为：一种实验分析(The Behavior of Organisms：An Experimental Analysis)一书中发表的

4、，该书主要是通过对白鼠和鸽子的观察，经验性地描述学习的法则，从而为操作性条件作用原理奠定了基础。他的另一本代表著作科学与人类行为(Science and Human Behavior)（1953）着重探讨了人类行为的一些重要方面，如思维、自我和社会化等。1968年出版的教学技术学(The Technology of Teaching)则探讨了他的基本原理在人类学习中的运用。另外，他在1948年出版的小说沃登第二(Walden Two)和1971年出版的超越自由与尊严(Beyond Freedom and Dignity)在社会上反响很大。前者是根据人类行为的科学原理，试图形成一种以积极控制的方

5、法加以管理的理想社会；后者则是对他自己观点的总结，并驳斥了他人的种种批评。除此之外，他的主要代表著作还有：言语行为(Verbal Behavior)（1957）、强化的相倚关系：一种理论分析(Contingencies of Reinforcement：A Theoretical Analysis)（1969）和关于行为主义(About Behaviorism)(1974)。,II.Language Points,1.Sadly,far too few schools make seience appealing.appeal:(i)n.A.an earnest or urgent reque

6、st,entreaty,or supplication.呼吁，恳求：e.g.He was appealing for funds to build a new school.他在恳求拨款修建一所新学校。B.A resort or application to a higher authority,as for sanction,corroboration,or a decision:诉诸，求助于：e.g.Their appeal for help went unheeded.他们求助的呼吁未受到注意。C.law:The transfer of a case from a lower to a

7、higher court for a new hearing.上诉：e.g.His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court.他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。,D.The power of attracting or of arousing interest:吸引力，感染力：e.g.The new fashion soon lost its appeal.那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。(ii)v.A.ask for aid or protection 呼吁 e.g.I appeal to your sense of justice.我呼

8、吁你们拿出正义感 B.take a court case to a higher court for review,上诉 e.g.She appealed to the high court against her sentence.她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。Useful expression:appeal to 对.产生吸引力,appeal for 要求,2.The irony is that children start out as nautral scientists,instinctively eager to investigate the world around them.c

9、hildren start out as nautral scientists:children are born natural scientists.Irony:sarcasm,satire,caustic remark n.讽刺，反讽 e.g.Thats really lovely,that is!he said with heavy irony.那真是可爱极了，真的!他故意说反话。instinctively:as a matter of instinct adv.出于本能的 e.g.Instinctively,she dropped to her belly to crawl.她本能地

10、趴在地上匍匐前进。be eager to do or have something:want to do or have it very much.=keen Robert was eager to talk about life in the Army.,3.The children asked me textbook questions about schooling,aslary,whether I liked my job.textbook questions:refers to questions that are nomal and not particular or specia

11、l.4.This began a barrage of questions that lasted nealy two hours.a barrage of questions:a large number of questions barrage:the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication(spoken or written)e.g.A barrage of criticism.接二连三的一大堆批评,5.That reinforces the misconceotion that ceience is merel

12、y a set of facts stored in the besds of adults.misconception:an incorrect conception n.误解,错误想法 e.g.My misconception of her purpose cast a damp over her spirits.我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴。My misconception of her purpose cast a damp over her spirits.我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴。,6.Science is not just facts but the meaning that

13、 people give to them by weaving information.Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to them:notice the structure“not but”“不是而是”7.Grown-ups are notorious for expecting quicker answers.notorious:known widely and usually unfavorably;ill-famed;infamousadj.臭名昭著的 e.g.He is notorious for

14、 his goings-on.他因行为不检点而声名狼藉。Useful expression:notorious reputation声名狼藉 notorious for 在,以.出名,8.Rather than telling children what to think,give them time to think for themselves.Rather than for themselves.:“rather than”here means“instead of.”9.Once you have achild engaged in a science discussion,dont

15、jump in with“That right”or“Very good”.jump in:it here means“interrupt”插话,(踊跃或热切地)加入 e.g.Please dont chop in as much as youre doing.请别老是这样没完没了地插话。Useful expression:jump in the lake走开,滚开,别打扰.jump in with both.全心全意地从事,10.These verbal rewards work well when it comes to encouraging good behaviour.These v

16、erbal good behaviour.:in terms of encouraging good behaviour 11.Never exhort a child to“Think”!exhort:spur on or encourage especially by cheers and shouts;cheer;inspire,urge,barrack;v.劝诫,忠告 e.g.The chairman exhorted the party workers to take action.主席敦促党的工作人员采取行动。He often exhorts Mary to work harder

17、.他经常勉励玛丽要更加努力工作。,12.If you take your children to a“hands-on”science museum,dont manage their itinerary.“hands-on”science museum:refers to museum that you can try and experience the science exhibits yourself.itinerary:(i)n.an established line of travel or access,path,route a guidebook for travelers;t

18、ravel guidebook a proposed route of travel;travel plan旅行计划,旅程,游记 e.g.I need to discuss our itinerary with you.我得和你讨论我们的旅行计划。(ii)adj.旅程的 e.g.But reality is,that change is only endless and hardship is itinerary germinant.但现实是，那场转变只是一个漫长而艰难旅程的开端。,13.And they will see clearly that learning is not drudge

19、ry or something that happens only in school.drudgery:hard monotonous routine work;plodding,grind,donkeywork n.苦差事,苦工 e.g.This sentiment still survives,and it has piled up mountains of useless drudgery.这种心理如今依然存在，而且它堆起了无用苦工的大山。This flexibility has the added benefit of breaking up any sense of endless

20、 routine or day in day out drudgery.这种灵活性具有打破任何没有尽头的例行公事或日复一日苦工感觉的额外好处。,Part B Grammar分词(Participles),分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词;尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词,具有形容词功能,同时又表现各种动词性特点,如时态,语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾词的性能。分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示主动和进行，过去分词表示被动和完成(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己

21、的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。,一.分词的用法,1、分词作状语 分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词（短语）作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句中主语相一致。.当现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时,则用现在分词的完成式,且所表示动作与谓语动作同时发生,则用现在分词的一般式。完成或被动关系用过去分词。（1）现在分词The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.（2）过去分词Accompanied by his friend,he went to the railway station.Given b

22、etter attention,the plants could grow better.2、while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)+分词结构 现在分词或过去分词作状语时，有时可以在分词前加while，when,once,although,until,if等连词。When leaving the airport,she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train,I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered,he t

23、hrew himself into his work and made every effort to do it well.Although working very hard,he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word,the passage will be difficult to understand.,3、分词作定语 分词作定语时，单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系)，过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

24、We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.4、分词作宾语补足语 现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和look at,listen to等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语，作宾语补语的成分。5、分词作表语分词 作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质，而且主语多为物；过去分词表示主语的感受或状态，主语多为人。

25、,二.现在分词的用法：1)做表语：He was very amusing.That book was rather boring.很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语：exciting,interesting,encouraging,disappointing,confusing,touching,puzzling.2)作定语：上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语,修饰一个名词：That must have been a terrifying experience.I found him a charming person.现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词,相当于一个定语从句：There ar

26、e a few boys swimming in the river.There is a car waiting outside.,3)作状语：现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作：Following Tom,we started to climb the mountain.现在分词短语还可以表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句：Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.现在分词短语还可以表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句：Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.Re

27、turning home,he began to do his homework.4)作宾补：现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语：例如,see,hear,catch,find,keep,have 等.I see him passing my house every day.I caught him stealing things in that shop.,三.过去分词的用法：1)作表语：We were so bored that we couldnt help yawning.She felt confused,and even frightened.2)作定语：She has a pl

28、eased look on her face.The teacher gave us a satisfied smile.3)作状语：Seen from the hill,the city looks magnificent.Given good health,I hope to finish the work this year.4)作宾补：过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语，接在某些动词后面 I will have the clothes washed tomorrow.When they get back home,they found the room robbed.,Part C Ben

29、chmarking 标杆管理,What is BenchmarkingBenchmarking is the process of determining who is the very best,who sets the standard,and what that standard is.In baseball,you could argue that seven consecutive World Series Championships made the New York Yankees the benchmark.If we were to benchmark world conqu

30、est,what objective measure would we use to compare Julius Caesar to Adolph Hitler;Gengis Khan to Napoleon?Which of them was the epitome,and why?We do the same thing in business.Who is the best sales organization?The most responsive customer service department?The leanest manufacturing operation?And

31、how do we quantify that standard?,Related IssuesOnce we decide what to benchmark,and how to measure it,the object is to or Quality Improvement initiative.What can I Benchmark figure out how the winner got to be the best and determine what we have to do to get there.Benchmarking is usually part of a

32、larger effort,usually a Process Re-engineeringMost of the early work in the area of benchmarking was done in manufacturing,like the example above.Now benchmarking is a management tool that is being applied almost anywhere.The Fortune Magazine article Beat the Budget and Astound your CFO outlines how

33、 Rank Xerox even applied benchmarking to their sales effort.(Note:This article is now in their archives and there is a small fee if you are not a subscriber.),标竿/杆管理（Benchmarking），这是一种管理上的有效工具，以衡量组织相对于其他组织的绩效。基本上，标竿/杆管理认为大多数的企业流程都有相通之处，因此，可以藉著寻找与确定在某些活动、功能、流程等绩效上，有最佳表現（BestPractice）或足为楷模（ExemplaryPr

34、actices），或出类拔萃(BusinessExcellence）的顶尖公司，仔细地研究其所以能有如此绩效的原因，并将自己公司的绩效表现，与这些公司的表现相比较，并进而拟定要提升到哪些公司绩效水准的计划，执行该计划并检测其执行结果，以使组织能夠更客观地评估其绩效，更能浮现缺失，更能了解其他组织的表现，改进缺点，迎头赶上。标竿/杆管理通常包括标准标竿管理StandardsBenchmarking）、流程标竿/杆管理（ProcessBenchmarking）、结果标竿管理(Results Benchmarking)，值得注意的是，标竿/杆管理往往会以同行、同业、竞争者作为比较的对象，但忽略了真正

35、該见贤思齐的对象，以致于不能发挥标竿管理的真正效果。,practice（通常、一般的）做法It is normal practice not to reveal details of a patients condition.deserve应得到值得Government officials clearly deserve some of the blame as well.These people deserve to make more than the minimum wage.He deserves the honor.You deserve it!Credit:1.Belief or

36、confidence in the truth of something.信心，信任2.A reputation for sound character or quality信誉：You should have no trouble getting the loan if your credit is good.如果你信誉良好，要取得这笔贷款就没有什么问题了3.A source of honor or distinction:荣誉She is a credit to her family.她为家庭增了光 4.Approval for an act,ability,or quality;prai

37、se:赞同，赞扬：Why should he get all the credit?为什么他受到了所有人的赞扬?5.A unit of study so certified:学分：This course carries three credits.这门课程有三个学分,inspire sb to do启发激励 Our challenge them to join our cause is to motivate those voters and inspire.Inspiration:1.Stimulation of the mind or emotions to a high level of

38、 feeling or activity.鼓舞：2.Something,such as a sudden creative act or idea,that is inspired.灵感,Legendary传奇的,传说的.the legendary Jazz singer Adelaide Hall.His political skill is legendary.turn-around a complete change in opinion,attitude,or method.a sudden improvement彻底转变，突然改进 I have personally never do

39、ne such a complete turnaround in my opinion of a person.The deal marks a turnaround in the fortunes of South Wales Electricity.solid support We need to lay a solid foundation to make further progress in the language.integral一体的integratedcascade：permeate渗透numerous为数众多的。C pl.Sex crimes were just as nu

40、merous as they are today.Despite numerous attempts to diet,her weight soared.,cottage industry家庭工业 spring up:surge unexpectedly/suddenly突然涌现last year alone仅在去年hit the standconsultant:consult sb for sth:look upPlease consult the dictionary for the meaning of the word.the number of has grown considera

41、ble-y:dramatically,drastically considerate体贴的formal正式 normal,continued,continuous;continualcontinuous unbroken:Residents report that they heard continuous gunfire.all employees who had a record of five years continuous employment with the firm.Continual events happen again and again.the governments

42、continual demands for cash to finance its chronic deficit.She suffered continual police harassment.,measure 衡量、测量I continued to measure his progress against the charts in the doctors office.It was difficult to measure the precise impact of the labor action.against:反对 It is against the law to detain

43、you against your will for any length of time.I am against your proposal.对照、映照 The US dollar is down against most foreign currencies today.His figure stands distinct against the snow.be renowned as/for以闻名 The area is renowned for its Romanesque churches.,decline 1.委婉谢绝He declined their invitation.He

44、offered the boys some coffee.2.衰减，衰退，减少There wasnt such a big decline in enrollments after all.The first signs of economic decline became visible.on the decline/fall,减少，衰减:Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is on the decline.boost:increase,improve;boost prices;提高价格；efforts to boost participation i

45、n the program.努力提高节目的参与率 a bill intended to boost local charities.一项意在刺激地方慈善事业增长的议案gene genetic engineering generic 类属的to sbs advantage 为利益 He did all to his own advantage,not yours.For sbs sake,interests,benefit,purpose,consideration,good,regard n 考虑尊重show regard for sb v regarding关于，concerning reg

46、ardless in essence实质上 Though seemingly complicated in detail,local taxes are in essence simple.subsequently随后的 consequently结果,所以as a result,as a consequence.in sequence:in order,identify分辨、识别、找出Police have already identified around 10 murder suspects.The reporters identified one of the six Americans

47、 as an Army Specialist.oversee:supervise,monitorUse a surveyor or architect to oversee and inspect the different stages of the work.entail 使成为必需;需要 This new job entails much patience.Such a decision would entail a huge political risk.,prior to:before:Prior to his Japan trip,he went to New York.in line with与一致in total:In summary;To summarize;To sum uppay,pay off有回报的 It pays off to be careful when dealing with dangerous materials such as this.embark on:start out onI should think twice before I ed on such a hazardous project as that.He is about to on a new business venture.,Thank you!,