使用DHCP分配IP地址.ppt

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1、Windows 2003中职培训,钟坚成 湖南师范大学工学院国家认证系统分析师、高级程序员,Module 1:利用DHCP自动分配IP 地址,概述,DHCP概述安装 DHCP 服务为DHCP 服务授权创建和配制作用域自定义DHCP 功能配置DHCP中继代理 管理和监控DHCP,DHCP 概述,手工 VS.自动 TCP/IP的配置DHCP 的运作方式DHCP 租约的生成过程DHCP 租约的更新过程DHCP 服务器和客户机的需求条件,手工 VS.自动 TCP/IP的配制,Manual TCP/IP Configuration,Automatic TCP/IP Configuration,在每个客户

2、端手工输入IP地址,可能会输入错误的或无效的IP地址,错误的IP地址可能导致网络问题,对于这类问题,很难跟踪.,管理一个频繁移动的网络时会增加管理开销,IP 地址自动的分配给每个客户端,确保每个客户端总是得到正确得配置信息,消除了网络问题的一个常见的问题来源,客户机自动,反映网络变化、物理变化、无需人工干预,DHCP 的运作方式,包含如下配置信息,一个IP地址。一个子网掩码。某些可选值，如默认的网关DNS服务器的IP地址WINS服务器的IP地址,DHCP 租约的生成过程（1）,1,请求IP 租约,3,选择IP 租约,2,提供IP 租约,4,确定IP租约,DHCP 租约的生成过程（2）,DHCP

3、 Client,DHCP Server1,DHCP Server2,DHCP客户机发送完DHCPdiscover消息后,会等待DHCP offer消息,如果未能接受到DHCP OFFER,它就会重试4次(相隔2,4,8,16s,加上一个0到1000s之间的随机时间数)如果DHCP客户机经过努力仍为获得任何有效服务器的IP地址将使用这一保留地址中的一个IP地址（这也是帮助我们排错的一个根据）每隔分钟，该客户机都继续尝试发现一个DHCP服务器，如果有某个DHCP服务器成为可用，客户机将接受到合法的IP地址,DHCP 租约的生成过程（3）,DHCP 租约的更新过程（1）,DHCP Client,DH

4、CP Server,DHCP 租约的更新过程（2）,50%of lease duration has expired,87.5%of lease duration has expired,100%of lease duration has expired,If the client fails to renew its lease,after 50%of the lease duration has expired,then the DHCP lease renewal process will begin again after 87.5%of the lease duration has

5、expired,If the client fails to renew its lease,after 87.5%of the lease has expired,then the DHCP lease generation process starts over again with a DHCP client broadcasting a DHCPDISCOVER,DHCP 租约的更新过程（3）,自动更新租约DHCP客户机在它们的租约期限已过去50%，自动尝试更新租约。如果DHCP服务器可用，那么将更新。如果DHCP服务器不可用，客户机将继续使用它的当前配置。当期限过去87.5%发出广播

6、再次更新租约。在这一阶段，DHCP客户机接受任何DHCP服务器发出的租约。如果租约已经到期(100%)，客户机必须立即停止使用当前的IP地址。然后DHCP客户机开始新的DHCP租约过程，尝试租用新的IP地址。,DHCP 租约的更新过程(4),人工更新租约如果你需要立即更新DHCP配置信息，你可以使用人工方式更新IP租约。使用命令行实用工具 ipconfig/renew 和 ipconfig/release,DHCP 服务器和客户机的需求条件,DHCP 服务器需求(Windows 2003 Server)DHCP 服务静态 IP 地址,子网掩码,默认网关合法的IP地址范围DHCP 客户机Wind

7、ows 2003 server or windows xpWindows 2000 Professional or Windows 2000 ServerWindows NT Server or Workstation 3.51 or laterWindows 95 or Windows 98Windows for Workgroups 3.11,running TCP/IP-32Microsoft Network Client 3.0 for MS-DOSLAN Manager 2.2cNon-Microsoft operating systems,配置客户端,安装DHCP服务,为 DHCP

8、 服务授权,DHCP Server1 checks with the domain controller to obtain a list of authorized DHCP servers,DHCP Server1,DHCP Server2,If DHCP Server1 finds its IP address on the list,the service starts and supports DHCP clients,DHCP Server2 checks with the domain controller to obtain a list ofauthorized DHCP s

9、ervers,If DHCP Server2 does not find its IP address on the list,the service does not start and support DHCP clients,DHCP client receives IP address from authorized DHCP Server1,DHCP authorization is the process of registering the DHCP Server service in the Active Directory domain to support DHCP cli

10、ents,作用域的概述,Scope,IP Addresses Available for Lease to Client Computers,DHCP Server,创建和配制作用域,概述作用域使用新作用域向导配制作用域选项自定义作用域选项的用法 为客户机保留IP 地址,练习：创建作用域,使用新作用域向导来：1、配制作用域参数。2、改变默认的租约持续时间。3、激活作用域,5.为客户机保留IP地址,配制作用域选项,DHCP options are configuration parameters that a DHCP service assigns to clients along with

11、the IP address and default gateway,自定义作用域选项的用法,Scope Options,Reserved Client Level,Server Level,Scope Level,Class Level,自定义作用域选项的用法,DHCP option applied at theserver level,DHCP option applied at thescope level,DHCP option applied at thereserved-client level,File and Print Server,自定义作用域选项的用法,DHCP opti

12、on applied at theclass level,Scope A,Scope B,DHCP Server,Windows 98,Windows XP,Windows XP,Router,Router,File and Print Server,利用选项类,销售商定义的类可以识别DHCP 客户机操作系统的销售类型和配置用户定义的类通过客户机的类型识别DHCP 客户机,Configuration A,Configuration B,Configuration C,练习：用户定义的类,用户定义的类通过客户机的类型识别DHCP 客户机,配置DHCP中继代理,什么是DHCP中继代理？DHCP中继

13、代理是如何工作的？如何使用DHCP中继代理跃点计数？如何使用DHCP中继代理的启动阀值？如何配置一个DHCP中继代理？,在路由网络配置DHCP,A DHCP relay agent is a computer or router configured to listen for DHCP/BOOTP broadcasts from DHCP clients and then relay those messages to DCHP servers on different subnets,DHCP Server,Client,DHCP Relay Agent,Client,Client,Cli

14、ent,RoutersNon-RFC 1542 Compliant,Unicast,Broadcast,Subnet A,Subnet B,Broadcast,DHCP中继代理是如何工作的？,RouterNon-RFC 1542 Compliant,Client1,DHCP Relay Agent,Client2,DHCP Server,Client3,如何使用DHCP中继代理跃点计数？,The hop count threshold is the number of routers that the packet can be transmitted through before being

15、 discarded,DHCP Relay Agent 2,DHCP Server,Hop Count=2,DHCP Relay Agent 1,如何使用DHCP中继代理的启动阀值？,The boot threshold is the length of time in seconds that the DHCP Relay Agent will wait for a local DHCP server to respond to client requests before forwarding the request,练习：配置DHCP中继代理,In this practice,you w

16、ill configure a DHCP Relay Agent,管理和监控DHCP,管理DHCP数据库概述DHCP数据库DHCP数据库的备份和还原DHCP数据库的一致性,管理DHCP数据库概述,DHCP数据库存储着整个网络中所有的客户机地址租约的信息,动态维护着客户机IP地址的申请,注销,是整个DHCP服务的关键,必须保证DHCP服务器上的数据的安全无误,及时地对它进行维护管理.一般情况下,管理维护DHCP数据库会完成以下任务,管理DHCP数据库任务,整理DHCP数据库,Win2003支持自动整理功能，也可手动整理数据库：停止DHCP服务在命令行下进入%systemroot%system 3

17、2 dhcp DHCP所在的目录键入Jetpack dhcp.mdbtemp重新启动DHCP服务,DHCP数据库,systemrootsystem32dhcp,Stored,systemrootsystem32dhcpbackupjetnew,DHCP数据库,DHCP数据库文件,DHCP数据库的备份和还原,The DHCP service automatically backs up the DHCP database to the backup directory on the local drive,If the original database is unable to load,th

18、e DHCP service automatically restores from the backup directory on the local drive,The administrator moves a copy of the backed up DHCP database to an offline storage location,In the event that the server hardware fails,the administrator can restore only from the offline storage location,DHCP数据库的备份和

19、还原,自动备份系统自动进行的同步备份,并不需要用户的参与,默认备份间隔为60分钟手工备份使用DHCP控制台备份和使用备份程(NTBACKUP.EXE)或其他备份软件的备份,DHCP数据库的备份和还原,限制DHCP管理员数目,To restrict who can administer the DHCP service:,Restrict the membership of the DHCP Administrators group to the minimum number of users necessary to administer the service,If there are us

20、ers who need read-only access to the DHCP console,then add them to the DHCP Users group instead of the DHCP Administrators group,Module 2:解析NetBIOS名称,概述,NetBIOS名称介绍WINS 概述配置WINS服务器和客户端配置对非WINS客户机的支持启用WINS数据库的复制功能维护WINS服务器数据库,NETBIOS名称,NETBIOS 名称是一个16字节长度的地址，前15字节表示计算机名，可以由用户定义，第16字节比较服务资源类型NETBIOS名称

21、在其网络中必须是唯一的NETBIOS 名称在操作系统的安装过程中创建当启动计算机之后，多个服务会注册一个基于计算机名称的唯一的Netbios名称,NETBIOS名称注册本地广播名称服务器(WINS)NETBIOS名称发现本地广播名称服务器(WINS)NETBIOS名称释放,NETBIOS名称,NETBIOS名称,Nbtstat工具,NBTSTAT-a RemoteName-A IP address-c-n-r-R-RR-s-S interval-a remotename：显示远程计算机的NETBIOS名称表-A ipaddress：显示远程计算机的Netbios名称表-c:显示NETBIOS名

22、称缓存内容，NETBIOS名称表及其解析的各个地址-n:显示本地计算机的NETBIOS名称表-R:清除NETBIOS名称缓存的内容-RR:释放并刷新通过WINS服务器注册的本地计算机的NETBIOS名称,NetBIOS 名称解析过程,NetBIOS name resolution is the process of mapping a NetBIOS name to an IP address,What is the IP address for Salescomputer2?,Salescomputer2,1,3,Salescomputer2,NetBIOS Name Cache,WINS,

23、Broadcast,Lmhosts File,2,NetBIOS名称解析,NetBIOS 名称解析标准方法包括 1、NetBIOS 名称缓存使用Nbtstat c查看高速缓存的内容 2、NetBIOS 名称服务器处理来自WINS客户机的注册请求响应NetBIOS名称查询 3、本地广播 4.lmhosts文件,Resolved host names from the WINS server,Computer1,NetBIOS 名称缓存,Lmhosts File,Resolved host names from broadcasts,A NetBIOS name cache is a locati

24、on in memory that stores NetBIOS names that have recently been resolved to IP addresses whether through a WINS server,broadcast,or Lmhosts file,如何查看和清除缓存内容,Your instructor will demonstrate how to:,查看本地计算机缓存-nbtstat-c 清除缓存并重新载入本地lmhosts文件中带有#PRE 标签的项目-nbtstat-R,Broadcasts,Lmhosts File,An Lmhosts file

25、 is a local text file that maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses for hosts that are not located on the local subnet,Computer1,Lmhosts File,#Copyright(c)1993-1999 Microsoft Corp.#This is a sample LMHOSTS file used by the Microsoft TCP/IP for Windows.#This file contains the mappings of IP addresses to co

26、mputernames#(NetBIOS)names.Each entry should be kept on an individual line.#The IP address should be placed in the first column followed by the#corresponding computername.The address and the computername#should be separated by at least one space or tab.The#character#is generally used to denote the s

27、tart of a comment(see the exceptions#below).#The following example illustrates all of these extensions:#102.54.94.97 rhino#PRE#DOM:networking#net groups DC#102.54.94.102 appname 0 x14#special app server#102.54.94.123 popular#PRE#source server#102.54.94.117 localsrv#PRE#needed for the include#BEGIN_A

28、LTERNATE#INCLUDE localsrvpubliclmhosts#INCLUDE rhinopubliclmhosts#END_ALTERNATE,WINS作用简介,WINS名字服务是以点对点的方式直接通信，可以跨越路由器访问其它子网的计算机。WINS名字服务是动态名字服务，无须手工更改。WINS名字服务不仅能够用于NetBIOS名字查询，而且还可以辅助域名主机名的查询，以结合DNS和WINS服务器的好处进行Internet域名查询，因此WINS又被称为Windows 网际名称服务,NetBIOS节点类型,A NetBIOS node type is a method that a

29、 computer uses to resolve a NetBIOS name into an IP address,HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrenControlSetServicesNetbtParametersNodeType,WINS服务结构,WINS概述,WINS Client,WINS Server,Client1,Registration,Query,Renewal,Release,名字注册注册更新名字询问名字释放,1.名称注册,Name Registration Request,Source AddressDestination AddressNa

30、me to Register,IP Router,WINS工作站名称注册流程图,客户机启动,向WINS服务器注册NetBIOS名和IP地址,能访问WINS服务器吗？,NetBIOS名称冲突吗？,客户机做3次尝试,配置二级了WINS吗？,N,通过广播注册,向二级WINS发送请求,发送注册成功消息（包括有效时间）,Y,WINS向拥有者发Challenge每隔500秒共三次,拥有者响应了吗？,发送否定注册响应,发送注册成功消息包含时间,N,N,Y,Y,N,Y,2.更新注册信息,IP Router,4.WINS名称释放（1）,IP Router,WINS名称释放（2）,名称释放要求当WINS客户机正常

31、关机，直接向WINS服务器发送名称释放要求。名称释放响应当WINS接收到名称释放要求后将检查WINS数据库，寻找要释放的名称。如果发现匹配的NetBOIS名称和IP地址，则WINS服务器发送肯定名称释放要求的响应，并在数据库中将此名称置为“未激活”如果发现错误，WINS服务器发送否定的名称释放要求响应,配置WINS 服务器和客户机,WINS服务器和客户机的需求条件安装WINS将计算机作为WINS客户机配置,How a WINS Server Resolves NetBIOS Names,WINS服务器和客户机的需求条件,WINS Server Requirements,同时需求条件：安装 WI

32、NS静态IP地址子网掩码默认的网关,WINS Client Requirements,运行下列某种操作系统：Windows xpor Windows 2003 ServerWindows 2000 Professional or Windows 2000 ServerWindow NT Server or Workstation,Version 3.5 or LaterWindows 95 or Windows 98Windows for Workgroups 3.11 Running TCP/IP-32Microsoft Network Client 3.0 for MS-DOSLAN Ma

33、nager 2.2cNon-Microsoft Operating System,Such As UNIX or Macintosh,安装WINS,将计算机作为WINS客户机配置,Automatic Configuration,DHCP Clients,DHCPServer,Manual Configuration,管理wins 数据库记录,The service that registered the entry,including the hexadecimal type identifier,The IP address that corresponds to the registere

34、dname,Displays“x”to indicate whether the entry isstatic and displays“null”or is blank if the entry is not static,The WINS server from which the entry originates,客户记录,The registered NetBIOS name,which can be a unique name,or a group,internet group,or multihomed computer,The state of the database entr

35、y,which can be active,released,or tombstoned,A unique hexadecimal number that the WINS server assigns during name registration,Shows when the entry will expire,筛选并查看WINS记录,刷新记录,Nbtstat RR,配置对非WINS客户机的支持,WINS和DNS的互操作配置静态映射配置WINS代理,WINS和DNS的互操作,集成DNS和WINS,When a Client Requests a Computer NameThat Is

36、Registered in WINS:,DNS客户机查询它的首选DNS服务器,首选的DNS服务器联系对区域有权威的DNS服务器,对于该区域有授权的服务器将该请求转发到某个WINS服务器,WINS服务器解析该名称，并将相应的IP地址返回到对于该区域有权威的DNS服务器,对于该区域有权威的DNS服务器将该IP地址返回到首选的DNS服务器,首选的DNS服务器将IP地址信息返回到客户机,WINS在DNS区域上的查找进程,DNS客户机查询DNS服务器,对该区域有权威的DNS服务器返回该客户机一个负的回应,客户机立即向该DNS服务器发出另一个名称查询，以获取相应的IP地址,对该区域有授权的DNS服务器通过

37、查询WINS服务器执行一个WINS查找,WINS服务器向DNS服务器返回正确的IP地址,DNS服务器将正确的IP地址信息返回到客户机,将DNS配置为向WINS服务器转发查询,配置静态映射（1）,静态映射是用人工的方法添加到WINS数据库中的条目，它将NetBIOS名称映射为IP地址。,配置WINS代理,WINS Proxy,Non-WINS Client,WINS Server,IP Router,Broadcast by Non-WINS Client,Request Forwarded to WINS Server by WINS Proxy,Broadcast,启用WINS数据库的复制功

38、能,WINS复制功能概述监测复制伙伴配置WINS复制功能,WINS复制功能概述,WINS replication is the process of copying updated WINS data from a WINS server to other WINS servers in a network to synchronize the data,监测复制伙伴,推伙伴,当数据库的变化次数超过某一指定的阀值时当复制是通过快速通信链路进行连接时,拉伙伴,在一个特定的时间间隔，请求复制数据库当复制是跨越广域网慢速链路时采用拉复制伙伴,推拉伙伴,指的是同时被配置为推拉伙伴。是WINS复制默认值

39、不管数据库的变化多么频繁，依然可以保证他们的同步,How Push Replication Works,A push partner notifies replication partners when the database reaches a set threshold of changesPush replication maintains a high level of synchronization/use with fast links,How Pull Replication Works,A pull partner requests replication based on

40、a set timePull replication limits frequency of replication traffic across slow links,Push/pull replication effectively ensures that the databases on multiple WINS servers are nearly identical at any given time by:,What Is Push/Pull Replication?,Notifying replication partners whenever the database re

41、aches a set threshold of changes AND Requesting replication based on a set time,配置复制伙伴,自动伙伴配置手动建立复制伙伴,自动伙伴配置,手动建立复制伙伴,配置WINS复制功能,维护WINS服务器数据库,WINS数据库的位置压缩WINS数据库Wins 数据库的备份和还原清理WINS数据库从WINS数据库删除记录WINS数据库的一致性检查配置高级的WINS服务器选项,WINS数据库的位置,数据库的位置：systemrootsystem32 wins数据库文件WINS.MDB WINS数据库文件WINSTMP.MDB

42、临时文件JET.LOG 日志文件SYSTEM.MDB 存储文件，利用它可以跟踪文件内容：NetBIOS名称、IP地址、TTL生命周期,压缩WINS数据库,在%systemroot%system32wins下运行Net stop wins(停止WINS服务)Jetpack wins.mdbtemp.mdb（压缩数据库）Net start wins(重新启动WINS服务),备份和恢复WINS数据库(1),To Back Up the WINS Database:,指定一个备份目录,配置手工备份WINS数据库或自动备份,To Restore the WINS Database:,手工删除和恢复数据库

43、文件,备份和恢复WINS数据库(1),爆发处理,Burst handling is the response of a WINS server to a large number of WINS clients that are trying to simultaneously(同时)register their local names in WINS,爆发处理,总结：,NetBIOS名称WINS 概述配置WINS服务器和客户端配置对非WINS客户机的支持启用WINS数据库的复制功能维护WINS服务器数据库WINS数据库的位置压缩WINS数据库Wins 数据库的备份和还原清理WINS数据库从WINS数据库删除记录WINS数据库的一致性检查配置高级的WINS服务器选项,