Lecture3-增词法.ppt

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1、增词法,增词是指在保持原文思想内容完全一致的前提下，在译文上作必要增补，增加一些原文字面上没有的词、词组、甚至句子，更加忠实流畅地表达原文的意思。简言之，增词法是为了忠实再现原文信息和在译文中进行通顺表达之所需而使用的翻译方法。增词绝不等于增意，也不是无中生有地随意增词，而是要把潜在于原文字里行间的意思充分表达出来。,增加的词语是译文中在句法上、语义上、修辞上或搭配习惯上不可或缺的词语。英译汉的增词主要是出于汉语表达的需要，译出原文所省略的词语，增添必要的连接词、量词或复数概念，表现不同的时态或先后顺序，或从修辞连贯方面考虑，使译文的遣词造句符合汉语的表达习惯。汉译英的增词主要是使译文符合英语

2、的语法结构和表达习惯，常增添代词、冠词、介词和连接词语。,一、英译汉时的增词,词汇语法逻辑修辞文化,1.添加表示具体范畴的词汇 英语中常用一些含有动作意义的名词、形容词，或抽象名词表示具体概念，翻译时需增加“原理”、“状态”、“现象”等词，以使汉语更加流畅。Chinas economy is still backward.中国经济现在还处于落后状态。,词汇方面的增词,The war boom in the United States of America was only temporary.美国的战争景气，仅仅是一时的现象。This transfer continues until a un

3、iform temperature is reached.这一传递过程一直延续到温度均匀时为止。TB P.74：例4，更多的范畴词,2.部分复数名词译成汉语时需要增词，表达相应的复数概念。TB:P.76They can separate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answers.他们能够把无数的事实从纷繁的意见中剥离出来，而又不会假装知晓一切。Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.货物保险会使

4、贸易商免受各种风险可能造成的损失。,3.增补适当的语气助词（吧、嘛、吗、呢、啦等）及其他虚词（究竟、到底、就是、罢了、才好等）等，可以补足句子的情态，使全句的语气顿趋明朗和生动。We might just well go the whole hog and stay over night.我们索性在这里过夜吧。Man,thats really living！伙计，这才是真正的生活呢！What have you to be so proud?你究竟有什么了不起的？,1.英语语法当中往往可以省略某些成分，而照样能达到完整表达意思的功效，但译成汉语则要把省去的部分增加进去，才能在语法上说得通。,语法

5、方面的增词,P.72P.73Who is the fastest of the Beijing Olympic Games?谁是北京奥运会中跑得最快的人？My work,my family,my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我要干活，要做家务，还要招待朋友，这些足够占去我全部的时间。,2.英语为免重复，多用指示代词。汉语要增词以清楚表达被指代的概念。So far,lawmakers havent moved to restrict human cloning research,but with all the publicity,

6、theyre coming under pressure to do so.目前，立法者尚未限制人类克隆研究，但是，公众如此关注，他们可能迫于压力要加以限制。,3.英语惯用被动语态，而汉语惯用主动句。英译汉时，经常要增加主语。Cement is known to be a very useful building material.大家都知道水泥是很有用的建筑材料。A little black spot was seen moving quickly on the screen.人们看到一个小黑点正在屏幕上迅速地移动着。,4、英语动词的时体比汉语（着、了、过）丰富得多，有一些时体在汉语中无法采

7、用动词对应的方式，而必须借助添词的手段。We have been expecting you.我们一直在期盼您的到来。I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.我原以为这不过是表示亲昵，但现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己生的。,某些句子在英语中，就原文的表达形式来看，逻辑上是通的，但在译成汉语时，若不加上适当的词，在逻辑上就显得欠缺一些。因而，翻译时必须加上适当的词，把隐

8、含的意思充分表达出来，使它合乎思维规律，顺理成章。,逻辑方面的增词,To attract foreign investment,the United States must offer higher interest rate,adding to domestic borrowing and financing costs,which boost inflation.为了吸引外资，美国必须提供较高的利率，而这样就会加重内债和金融开支，最终导致通货膨胀。TB:P.80,修辞加词主要是对翻译出来的句子从修辞上进一步润色，以提高译文的质量使之具有准确、鲜明、生动的特点。可以适当使用四字格、成语，或通

9、过词的重叠，对偶等增强语言的感染力和表达效果,修辞方面的增词,The engineer should know what he is looking for before beginning his experiments.工程师在开始做实验之前，对想要得到什么结果，应做到心中有数。I came to a garden of grottoes,pavilions and shapely rocks and trees.我来到一个假山花园前，院中亭阁玲珑，山石嶙峋，树木葱郁。,文化方面的增词,对于原文中负载有文化信息的词语，必须采用增词翻译法，将源语所传达的文化信息准确的表达出来，帮助读者获得对

10、英语原文完整的、准确的理解。,This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。The blond boy quickly crossed himself.那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。TB:P79,He is no longer the man he was.他不再是过去的他了。But over the last several years,China has been seeking to resume its contracting party status.近几年来，中国一直在寻求恢复其

11、缔约国地位。The crowd melted away.人群渐渐散开了。This book is above me.这本书太难，我看不懂。Dont take it seriously,.Its only a joke.不要认真嘛！这不过是个玩笑而已。,Exercise,The roofs of this pagoda are constructed of colored glazed tiles of yellows and greens.这座宝塔的屋顶是用浓淡不同/深浅不一的黄色和绿色的琉璃瓦盖成的。Even today,poor,uneducated blacks do not alway

12、s receive the same degree of justice that the affluent and better-educated can expect.即使是在今天，没有受过教育的贫困黑人并不总是能得到与受到良好教育的富人同等的公正待遇。Despite Kennedys assurances,the story started to leak.尽管肯尼迪反复/一再保证，事情还是泄漏了出来。,We were lucky enough to be alive after the accident.We wouldnt have the chance to sit here an

13、d reflect on that night.真是很幸运，在那次事故之后我们还活着/死里逃生/幸免于难。否则，我们不可能有机会坐在这里回想那天晚上的事。Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness,affection weakness,thrift avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇，情感过度即成软弱，节俭过度即成贪婪。,Unemployment in black ghettos remained consistently higher than in white communities.Stable family life was difficult to

14、maintain.黑人聚居区失业率始终高于白人社区，黑人/他们很难维持稳定的家庭生活。The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods,to make them better,cheaper,and more abundant.工程的目的是要创造有用的物品，使它们的质量更好/可靠，价格更低/便宜，数量更多/充足。,On the wings of hope,of love,of joy,Miss Meadows sped back to the music hall.美多斯小姐仿佛插上了希望的翅膀，爱情的翅膀，欢乐的翅膀，一路飞奔回到音乐厅

15、。The world has never seen a nation as big as China rise as far and as fast as China has in the past 20 years.过去20年里，全世界从未见过哪个崛起的国家有中国这样大、崛起的速度有中国这样快、影响有中国这样广。,(Austrian breaks sound barrier in record space jump)The veteran skydiver was in freefall for four minutes and 20 seconds before opening his r

16、ed and white parachute and floating down to the desert in the US state of New Mexico.“I prepared for this for seven years.”he told ServusTV in Austria in his first interview after the leap.这位资深的跳伞员以自由落体飞行了4分钟20秒，随后打开了红白相间的降落伞，最终降落在了美国新墨西哥州的沙漠里。在跳伞成功后首次接受采访时，他告诉奥地利Servus电视台，“我已经为此准备了七年。”,二、汉译英时的增词,为了

17、适应英语语法的需要，往往增补以下词：代词、连词、介词、冠词、名词（作主语、宾语等）为了充分准确地表达意思，需要灵活增补。如：补充文化背景知识、体现强调语气、口号性语句,没有调查研究就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.人不犯我，我不犯人。I will not attack unless I am attacked.该地区已没什么城乡差别。there is little difference between town and countryside in this region.,这些年我访问了一

18、些地方，遇到不少人。要谈起来，奇妙的事儿可多着呢。There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met these years.“小李，什么时候请吃糖啊？”王奶奶笑着问道。“还没定呢。”她脸一红。“Xiao Li,”Granny Wang smiled,“when can I eat your wedding candy?”“I dont know.”She blushed with shyness.,Exe.请把这张表填一下，填完给我。Please fill in this form,and give it to me when you have finished.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。It was so cold that the river froze.理论联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。While the prospects are bright,the road has twists and turns.,