《汉英语言对比》PPT课件.ppt

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1、汉英语言对比,文字对比,语音对比,词汇对比,句子对比,1、谱系(language family),汉语-汉臧语系 Sino-Tibetan 英语-印欧语系 Indo-European,汉英文字对比,2.文字系统(writing system),英语-拼音文字(alphabetic script)由26个字母构成词语,不表意。汉语-表意文字(ideographic script)表意音文字(ideo-phonographic),1)不带表音成分:象形(pictograph character)指事(indicative character)会意(associative character)2)带

2、表音成分:形声字(morpheme-phonetic character)据统计，目前汉字库形声字比重已超过90%。,汉语按文字类型分类,1、象形文字(pictograph character)如山、果、水等，字如其形，见字明意。2、指示文字(indicative character)如上、下等，表示某种意义的抽象符号。3、会意文字(associative character)如从、森等，由该符号引起的联想意义。4、形声文字(morpheme-phonetic character)如烤、闷、等，部分表意，部分示声，见字知其意晓其声。,语音(phonetics)对比,汉语是声调语言(tone l

3、anguage)英语是语调语言(intonation language),汉英词汇的对比,一.词语语义对比：1.汉语:“历史悠久”英语:“融汇百川”2.汉英词汇对应的依据:客观世界大体相同 人的生理结构一样3.汉英词汇不对应的原因:文化(自然环境、社会历史、思维 方式、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等）表现为：词汇空缺、词汇冲突,二、英语偏一词多义和一词多用现象,1.Oh,what a story!哦，好个谎言！(呵，你就编吧！)2.It is another story now.这是另外一个问题。3.He storied about his academic career and his profess

4、ional career.他编造了他的学历和经历。4.Stories circulated first in Moscow.流言起初是在莫斯科传播的。9.Her story is one of the saddest.她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。5.The story about him became smaller and faded from the public eye by and by.报道对他的渲染已减少，不久他就不再受公众注意了。6.You put me on the spot.I have to cook up a story this time.你把我拖下水，这回我要找借口了。,

5、明眸皓齿：形容女子容貌美丽。国色天姿：旧时形容女子容貌极美。国色天香：形容女子的美丽。天香国色：形容女子的美丽。倾城倾国：多形容妇女容貌极美。闭月羞花：形容女子容貌美丽。沉鱼落雁：形容女子容貌美丽。出水芙蓉：也形容天然艳丽的女子。,汉语偏同义多次,这些单词都可以用一个词来形容：漂亮,二.词汇的语法对比,同:1.词类数量大致相等,类别基本对应。2.名词、动词、形容词三大类开放性词类在词汇中占较大比重。汉语：实词（名词、动词、形容词、代词、副 词、数词和量词）虚词（连词、介词、助词、叹词）英语：实词（Noun,Verb,Adjective,Adverb,Numeral,Pronoun)虚词（Pre

6、position,Conjunction,Article,Interjection),异:1.从词类划分比较:汉语没有冠词,英语没有量词2.从数量上比较:副词:汉语中少,为虚词 英语中多,为实词 介词:汉语中少,30个左右 英语中多,数不胜数,*汉语多用动词而英语多用名词*英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高*汉语的数词使用得多,因为汉语的成语及缩略语靠数词构成。*汉语的量词使用频率高,正如英语的冠词一样,三.从词类使用的频率上分析：,汉英句子对比,汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)英语语法呈外显性(overtness),汉语句子:(parataxis)语义型或意合型 依仗意义，即内在的逻

7、辑关系组织语言的手段。“以意统形”。英语句子:(hypotaxis）语法型或形合型 依仗形式（包括词的形态变化，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（词组乃至语篇）的语言组织手段。,只有四婶，因为后来雇用的女工，大抵非懒即馋，或者馋而且懒，左右不如意，所以也还提起祥林嫂。Only my aunt,because the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy,or both,none of them satisfied her,still spoke of Xianglins Wife.,My aunt

8、 was the only one who still spoke of Xianglins Wife.This was because most of the maids taken on afterwards turned out to be lazy or greedy,or both,none of them giving satisfaction.（杨宪益、戴乃迭译）,1.句法对比,汉语句式结构上：单句和复句其他：主谓句、无主句、流水句、主题句散句：长句、短句整句：对偶句、排比句、顶真句、回环句文体功能：整句多见于书面体；单句和 短句则多用于口语体。,英语句式,结构上：简单句（sim

9、ple sentence)并列句(compound sentence)复合句(complex sentence)长度上：长句和短句修辞上：松散句(loose sentence)平衡句(balanced sentence)圆周句，完整句(periodic sentence)片语句(fragment sentence)主谓先后上：正装句、到装句,2.汉英句子结构比较,汉语：“板块型”或“竹节型”汉语句子往往是句子较短,结构紧凑,好似“万倾碧波层层推进”“左分支”结构(left-branching)“后重心”：重要信息放在后面“狮子头”（头大尾小）,英语:,“多枝共干型”或“葡萄串型”英语句子如“老

10、树参天,枝杈横生”,句子长,插入成分多,形成复杂嵌套结构“右分支”结构(right-branching)“前重心”：主要信息放在主句中，放在句首。前重后轻。“孔雀尾”：头小尾大,3、句子扩展模式,汉语：逆线性延伸 首开放性(open-beginning)尾封闭性(close-ending)英语：顺线性延伸 首封闭性(close-beginning)尾开放性(open-ending),中文句首开放性（左分支）对。不对。他不对。我认为他不对。我告诉过你我认为他不对。我明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。我昨天开会时明明告诉过你我认为他不对。,英文句尾开放性（右分支）He i

11、s reading.He is reading a book.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on the second floor of our library.He is reading a book written by Mark Twain in the reading-room on

12、 the second floor of our library which has just opened.,4、前重心与后重心,英语句子和汉语句子的重心一般都落在结果、结论、假设或事实上；但是重心的位置不同：英语句子一般时前重心；汉语句子一般是后重心。,1）原因和结果,We work ourselves into ecstasy over the two superpowers treaty limiting the number of anti-ballistic missile systems that they may retain and their agreement on li

13、mitations on strategic offensive weapons.两个超级大国签定了限制它们可保留的反弹道导弹系统的数目的条约和达成了限制进攻型战略武器的协议，因此，我们感到欣喜若狂。,2)结论和分析,The solution to the problem of Southern Africa cannot remain forever hostage to the political maneuvers and tactical delays by South Africa nor to its transparent proposals aimed at procrasti

14、nation and the postponement of the solution.不管是南非政府耍政治花招和策略上的拖延手段，还是提出显然旨在拖延问题解决的建议，都不能永远阻挡南部非洲问题的解决。,3）假设和前提,小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.,例如：“屡战屡败”(He was repeatedly defeated though he fought over and over again.)“屡败屡战”(He fought over and over again though he was repeatedly defeated.),