翻译的语言对比规律语义词法句法思维.ppt
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1、1,新编英汉翻译教程 A NEW COURSEBOOK ON ENGLISH-CHINESE TRANSLATION,Chapter 5 Rules of Language Comparisons第五章 翻译的语言对比规律,2,Differences between English and Chinese,I.Semantic differencesII.Differences in lexicologyIII.Syntactic differences IV.Differences of mode of thinking,3,General introductionDifferent lan
2、guage families:English belongs to Indo-European language family or Indo-Germanic system(including Europe,Western Asia and India).Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family(including Chinese,Tibetan and Burmese).English is an alphabetic character(拼音文字),Chinese is an ideographic character(表意文字).,
3、4,Different nature of language:English is a comprehensive language.So-called comprehensive language refers to that the meaning of the language is expressed by the change of the form of the word itself such as case,number,tense and so on.Chinese is an analytic language.So-called analytic language mea
4、ns that the relationship of words is expressed not by the form of word itself-but by empty word,particle and word order and so on.,5,Difference of sentence structure:English sentences are well-knit,close and compact In English,nouns,especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used,just
5、 like a series of Grapes.Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese,verbs are widely used,just like a Bamboo,6,I.Semantic differences,1.Full correspondence Only found in generally adopted technical terms or coincidence among common words Radar=雷达 New York=纽约 Tianjin University=天津大学 The U.
6、S.State Department=美国国务院 The Pacific Ocean=太平洋 helicopter=直升飞机,7,2.Partial correspondence or mostly correspondence marriage 娶、嫁 sister 姐、妹 gun 枪、炮 Wife:妻子、爱人、老伴、内人、贱内、夫人、老婆;president:总统、主席、校长、议长、会长、社长;Morning:早晨、上午,8,部分对应造成翻译时的选择,如对于morning 的翻译:Late in the morning 接近晌午 Early in the morning 一大早Mid mo
7、rning:上午十点左右 Mid-afternoon:下午三、四点,9,3.Non-correspondence or almost non-correspondence Teenager:13至19岁的青少年 Clockwatcher:老是看钟等下班的人 Dink=double income no kids 丁克家族,10,糖葫芦 Tanghulu,a sugar-coated fruit on the stick文房四宝 the four treasures of the study(writing brush,inkstick,inkstone and paper)文明礼貌月 Socia
8、list Ethics and Coursty Month特困生 the most needy students一穷二白 poor and blank乌纱帽 an official post五岳 the Five Sacred Mountains五经 The Five Classics(The Book of Poetry,The Book of History,The Book of Changes,The Book of Rites and The Spring and Autumn Annuals),11,.Word collocationcut:cut wheat 割麦子 cut ca
9、ke 切蛋糕 cut finger-nails 剪指甲wear:He wore dark glasses,and thick jersey,and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.他戴黑眼镜,穿厚毛衣,耳朵里塞了棉花。,12,II.Differences in lexicology,古英语:Synthetic language词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表现的,汉语:Analytic language通过词序或 虚词(助词)等手段来表示的。,英语:synthetic+analytic language通过形态变化包括性、数、格、时、体、语态、语气
10、、人称、比较级等来表示的。,13,English:Tense;Chinese:Particle,汉语有几类时态助词:()Preposed adverbs 前置的时态副词(过去,曾经,已经,现在,正在,将要)()tense auxiliary words 附着的时态副词(过,着,了,起来)()postposed auxiliary words 后置的时态语气词(了,来着)翻译时应使用这些时态结构助词来表示原文的时态意义:Mr.Smith used to be an army officer,but he is in prison now.史密斯先生过去是一个军官,而现在在监狱里。,14,2.me
11、asure words:Unit words of nouns(个,只,份,把,块,张)Unit words of verbs(趟,遭,次,遍,场,回)翻译时要作适当增补:一张纸,一块肥皂,一条巧克力(表状态特征)一个忠告,一条消息,一段时间(表抽象名词),15,3.Modal particle:auxiliary words that indicates moods:emotional particles 语气助词;英语借助语调(intonation)翻译时需要译者加以增补1)declarative mood:的,了,呢,罢了,而已,啦2)question mood:吗,吧,啦,啊,么3)i
12、mperative mood:吧,罢,呀,啊,啦,16,4.Pronouns She and he He asks,she replied.It,they e.g.The first point about chores is that they are repetitive.And once done they require after a certain time to be done again.关于家务事,第一点要说的就是它们的重要性。它们差不多每天都有,而且做完后隔一段时间还得再做。家务事的第一个特点就是反反复复,几乎每天都有,而且做完后隔一段时间又要重做一番。,17,英语里的指示
13、代词处理方法:,1)pronoun equivalent 2)omission3)noun equivalent4)“其,之”,18,5 词序 iron and steelourselves and the enemyfire and waterold and new right and leftsooner or laterback and forthtwos and threestables and graphics,19,III.Syntactic differences,1 hypotaxis vs parataxis 2 Complex vs Simplex3 End-weight
14、vs Top-heavy 4 Subject-prominent vs Topic-prominent 5 Static vs Dynamic 6 Sentence order,20,1.hypotaxis(形合)in English;parataxis(意合)in Chinese,As E.A.Nida points out in his“Translating Meaning”,so far as English and Chinese are concerned,the most important difference linguistically is the contrast be
15、tween hypotaxis and parataxis.,21,形合(Hypotaxis)Hypotaxis refers to a construction where constituents have been linked through the use of conjunction.英语句子的特点是强调形式和功能,因而英语句法特征是形合(hypotaxis).句子成分之间的关系要求用形式标记表明:英语名词的性、数、格;谓语动词的时态、语态;主句与从句之间的关系代词、关系副词和连词等形态和形式词;都行使其语法功能,起着纽带作用,将句子各成分衔接在一起。英语语法外显性的表现。,22,
16、意合(Parataxis)Parataxis refers to a construction in which the members within a sentence,or else a sequence of sentences,are put one after the other without any expression of their connection or relations.汉语句子的特征是“以意统形”,强调逻辑关系与意义关联(logic and semantic coherence),不在意词语之间和句际之间形态和形式词等的形式连接(formal cohesion
17、),靠词语与句子本身意义上的连贯与逻辑顺序而实现的连接,汉语语法隐含性的一种表现(covertness)。汉语语法隐含性还表现在:词类无标记动词无时态或语态标记名词和代词的主格和宾格没有形式变化主语和谓语只要求在意义上一致,无需在形式上对应等方面。,23,e.g.If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了,春天还会远吗?e.g.He has never been back to Beijing since he left five years ago.离开北京五年了,从未回去过。,24,E.g.I went to dance with a gir
18、l who is from Russia and who has a Southern accent.我同一位操南方口音的俄罗斯姑娘跳舞。E.g.The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green grass.蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃绿叶。,25,E.g.If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall,how can you know the sweetness of honey?,不吃苦中苦,哪知甜中甜?,26,2 Complex vs.Simpl
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