化学与化工专业英语2-化学基础知识.ppt

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1、化学基础知识,三.参考书,1.化学信息学教程，Gasteiger,J and Engel,T编著（德文）（梁逸曾，徐峻，姚建华等译），化工出版社，2005年2.化学专业英语，马永祥等编，兰大出版社，1997年3.化学信息学，邵学广和蔡文生编 科学出版社，2002年,Part 1 Physical PropertiesPart 2 Chemical EquationsPart 3 Chemical CalculationPart 4 Nomenclature Of Inorganic ChemicalsPart 5 Nomenclature Of Organic Chemicals,Part 1

2、 Physical Properties物 理 性 质,1）Colour 颜色 colourless red-brown violet-black purple-black pale yellow dark brown,2）state,solid liquid gasgaseous oily crystalline uncrystallinemolten fused,3）smell,odourless pungent penetratingchokingoffensive sour sweetbitter,4）solubility,soluble insoluble slightly solu

3、ble very soluble,5）observations,brisk effervescence precipitate milkyaqueous solution,6）density,heavy light less dense denser greatly denser slightly denser about the same dense,7）hardness,hard soft ductile malleable,8）toxicity,toxic poisonous,9）melting point boiling point,High low,10）conductivity,e

4、lectronic conductivitythermal conductivityconductorsemiconductorinsulator,Exercise,试用英语描述氧气、氮气和金属铁的物理性质。,disproportionationneutralization;hydrolysisexothermic reaction endothermic reaction reversible reaction forward reaction reverse reaction spontaneous reaction nonspontaneous reaction,1.反应名称：,化 学

5、方 程 式,Part 2 Chemical Equations,2、反应条件,heat;burn ignite/ignition electrolyze/electrolysis under/at ambient/room temperature under standard pressure with/in the prescence of catalyst,3、读 法,3.1 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a cataly

6、st.,N2+3H2 2NH3,高温、高压,催化剂,1 mol nitrogen reacts with 3 mol hydrogen to form 2 mol ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.2,Nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,Ammonia decomposes to nitr

7、ogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst.,3.3,Reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen at high temperature and pressure with the presence of a catalyst gives ammonia.,At high temperature and pressure,reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen in the presence of a cata

8、lyst takes place.,Zinc treated with hydrochloric acid forms hydrogen and zinc chloride,Zn+2HCl=ZnCl2+H2,3.4,Calcium carbonate when heated produces calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate is heated to yield calcium oxide and carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and

9、carbon dioxide when it is heated,3.1 化 学 术 语,atomic mass/weight；molecular weightamount(of substance)；molenumber of moles；molar massmolar volume；concentrationmolarity；excess agentlimiting agent；reactantproduct；yield,Part 3 Chemical Calculation（化学计算）,3.2 数学术语：,运算名称 addition substraction mulplication d

10、ivision动词读法add substract(ed)from multiply(ied)by divide(d)by介词读法plus minus times over运算结果 sum difference product quotient,0.001 o/zero point o o one2/3 two thirds equals/is equal to is approximately equal to less than greater thanx2 x squaredx3 x cubed x-10 x to the minus tenth power100oc one hundre

11、d degrees centigrade 5%five percent(by mass,volume)（）round brackets/parentheses square/angular brackets braces,Exercise,试用英语描述下面化学反应？H2和O2在点燃的条件下生成H2O。CaCO3在加热条件下分解。Cu在O2中氧化。,Chapter 4.Nomenclature of compounds,Section I.Inorganic compounds,一.NAME OF THE ELEMENTS,S-block Element,IA H Hydrogen Li Lit

12、hium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr Francium,IIABe BerylliumMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismu

13、th,P-block Element(I),VIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon,P-block Element(II),Common Transition Elememt,Ti:titanium Sc:scandium V:vanadium Cr:chromium Mn:manganese

14、Fe:iron Co:cobalt Ni:nickel Cu:copper Zn:zinc Hg:mercury Ag:silver Au:gold Pd:Palladium Pt:platinum W:tungsten,二.Naming metal ions(cations)for metal oxides,bases and salts,1.Single valence ions Cations name=Elementfor example:Na+Sodium Al3+Aluminum K+Potassium Ca2+Calcium,2.Multivalence ions,Cations

15、 name=Element(V)For example:Fe2+Iron(II)or Ferrous Fe3+Iron(III)or Ferric Cr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn4+Manganese(IV)Mn2+Manganese(II),三.Naming nonmetal ions(anions),1.Monatomic anions Anions name=Elements root-ide For example:Cl-Chloride(chlorine)O2-Oxide(oxygen)Br-Bromide OH-Hydroxide I-Iod

16、ide CN-Cyanide S2-Sulfide H-Hydride,2.Polyatomic oxyanions,(1).Acid radicals for normal salt Anions name=Central Elements root-ate for example:ClO3-Chlorate IO3-Iodate PO43-Phosphate NO3-Nitrate SO42-Sulfate CO32-Carbonate,(2).Acid radicals for meta-salts,Anions name=Central elements root-ite for ex

17、ample:ClO2-Chlorite IO2-Iodite PO33-Phosphite NO2-Nitrite SO32-Sulfite,(3).Acid radicals for hypo-salts,Anions name=Hypo-Central elements root-ite for example:ClO-Hypochlorite IO-Hypoiodite PO23-Hypophosphite,(4).Acid radicals for persalts,Anions name=Per-central Elements root-atefor example:ClO4-Pe

18、rchlorate IO4-Periodate MnO4-Permanganate,四.Naming compounds,1.Metal oxide Metal oxide=Cation+oxidefor example:FeO Iron(II)oxide(Ferrous oxide)Fe2O3 Iron(III)oxide(Ferric oxide)Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetraoxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide,2.Nonmetal oxide,Nonmetal oxide=n-Nonmetal element+n

19、-oxide for example:CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide,Numeral prefix,English Latin一 mono-uni-二 di-bi-三 tri-ter-四 tetra-quadri-五 penta-quinque-六 hexa-sexi-七 hepta-sept-八 octa-九 nona-十 deca-,3.Bases,Base=Metal cation+hydroxide

20、for example:Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II)hydroxide,4.Salts,(1)CaC2 calcium carbide NaCl sodium chloride(2).Normal salt:Normal salt=Cation+anion for example HgSO4 Mercury(II)sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3

21、Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite,(3).Acidic salts,Acidic salt=Cation+hydrogen+anion for example:NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate,(4).Basic salts,Basic salt=Cation+hyd

22、roxy-anionfor example:Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonate Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth(III)dihydroxynitrate Ca(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate,(4).Mixed salts,Mixed salt=Cation+cation+anionfor example:NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateA

23、gLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfate,5.Acids,(1).Meta-and hypo-acid(its salt-ite)Acid=Central elements root-ous+acidfor example:H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid,(2).Per-,hydro-,normal acid(its salt-at

24、e,-ide),Acid=Central elements root-ic+acidfor example:H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid,(3)Hydrogen halogen acids Hydro-Central elements root-ic+acid For example:HCl:Hydrochloric acid HF:Hydrofluoric acid HBr:Hydrobromic acid HI:Hydr

25、oiodic acid 除了水和氨气使用俗称water(H2O)，ammonia(NH3)以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称。对于卤族和氧族氢化物另一种方法是按盐命名。For example：HF Hydrogen fluoride HCl Hydrogen chloride HBr Hydrogen bromide HI Hydrogen iodide H2S Hydrogen sulfide H2Se Hydrogen selenide H2Te Hydrogen telluride,(4）Other nonmatel hydride name=elements root+ane(氮族还

26、可加-ine)For example：PH3:Phosphine or phosphane AsH3:Arsine or arsane SbH3:Stibine or stibane BiH3:Bismuthane CH4:Methane SiH4:Silane B2H6:Diborane,6.含氧酸根的命名补充,五.Naming coordination complex,1.Ligands(1).Negative ions as ligands Ligand=Elements root-ofor example:CN-Cyano NO2-Nitro F-Fluoro NO3-Nitrato

27、Cl-Chloro CO32-Carbonato Br-Bromo CH3COO-Acetato O=Oxo H-Hydrido OH-Hydroxo-O2CCO2-Oxalato,(2).Neutral molecules as ligand,Ligand=Radical namefor example:NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine,2.Complex ions,(1).Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charg

28、e Complex ion=n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example:Ag(NH3)2+Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+Tetraamminecopper(II)Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III),(2).Complex ions with negative charge,Complex ion=n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N)for example:Fe(CN)64-Hexacyanoferrate(II)BF4-Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63-He

29、xafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4-Tetrachloroaurate(III),3.Naming complex,Complex=Cation+anionfor example:LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I)chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II)sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0),Exercise,H

30、2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42-Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium

31、sulfideCuSO4 copper(II)sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron(III)nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acidKCN potassium cyanideNH4Cl ammonium chloride,NaClO sodium hypochloriteNaOH sodium hydroxideMn(OH)2 Manganese(II)hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III)oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H

32、2O2 hydrogen peroxideK2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphatePtCl42-tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I)chlorideK4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,Section 5.,Nomenclature of organic compounds,一.Naming alkanes

33、,1.1 Saturated unbranched hydrocarbons Alkane=Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane,1119Alkane=Number prefix-decanefor example

34、:11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane,18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane=Number prefix-cosane for example:21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane

35、Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane,30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane=Number prefix-triacontane for example:31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane,4090Alkane=Number pre

36、fix-contanefor example:40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane,100-199=(10-99)number prefix-hectanefor example:100 Alkane Hectane 110 Alkane Decahectane 125 Alkane Pentacosahectane 143 Alkane Tritetraconta

37、hectane 133 Alkane Tritriacontahectane 168 Alkane Octahexacontahectane,1.2 Univalent radicals,Radical=Alk-ylfor example:CH3-Methyl CH3CH2-Ethyl CH3CH2CH2-Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2-Butyl,1.3 Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbon,(1)branched-chain hydrocarbon=n-Radical+alkanefor example:,(2)Other traditional

38、 name 加iso(异)，sec(仲)，tert(特)，neo(新)词头命名For example:(CH3)2CHCH3 isobutane(CH3)2CHCH2CH3 isopentane(CH3)4C Neopentane,1.4 Univalent branched radicals,Radical=Alk-ylfor example:,1.5 Polyside chain hydrocarbon,ButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:,二.Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon,2.1 Unbranched ac

39、yclic alkeneAlkene=Number prefix-enefor example:C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene,2.2 Poly-ene,n-Alkene=Alk-a-n-ene n=2-adiene n=3-atriene n=4-atetraenefor example:C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene,.,2.3 Alkyne,Alkyne

40、=Alk-yne(-a-n-yne)n=2-adiyne n=3-atriyne for example:,2.4 Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bonds,Alkenyne=Number prefix-enyne Two ene+one yne-adien-?-yne Three ene+one yne-atrien-?-yne One ene+two yne-ene-?-diynefor example:,烯炔命名的几点说明；1.先烯优于炔，即n某烯m炔2.双键定位号在最前面，三键定位号在ene与yne之间。3.烯炔

41、分子只有一个三键时ene与yne相接的ene词尾e应删除，即en-?-yne，当有多个三键时由于要加数字词头所以e不再删除！,2.5 Unsaturated univalent radicals,Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn-ylfor example:,2.6 Multivalent radicals,Bivalent radical=univalent radical-idene(ene)Trivalent radical=univalent radical-idynefor example:,Benzylidene,.,当自由价不

42、在同一碳上时radical=univalent radical-ene,三.Cyclic hydrocarbons,3.1 Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic alkane=Cyclo-alkanefor example:,Cyclic hydrocarbons with side chains 1.侧链碳原子数少于环内碳，侧链作取代基,反之环作取代基。2.侧链上有不止一个环时，环作取代基。,3.2Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic alkene=Cyclo-alkenefor example:,3

43、.3 Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbons,Cyclic radical=Cyclo-Rfor example:,命名桥环烃步骤：1.确定环数，将环烃变为开链烃时需要断开的次数就是该环烃的环数！2.选择主环，主环应包含尽量多的碳原子且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。3.选择主桥，主桥应包含尽量多的碳原子且尽可能把主环对称分开。4.桥环烃编号，从桥头(1)开始绕主环最后到桥上。5.名称开头用数字词头表明环数，然后在 中表明各个环上除桥头碳以外的碳原子数，把碳原子数最少的桥定为次桥并用上标表明其位置。6.在 后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！,3.4 Bi

44、cyclic bridged hydrocarbons,For example:,3.5 Polycyclic systems,1.螺环烃编号，从螺原子相邻的小环(1)开始绕小环经螺原子到大环。3.名称开头用spiro后接，在方括弧中表明各个环上除螺碳以外的碳原子数，先写小环。4.在 后写出与桥环烃等碳原子的开链烃名称！5.当有多个螺原子时在spiro前加数字词头。编号从分子一端螺原子相邻的原子开始沿顺时针方向编完！,3.6 Spirohydrocarbons,For example:,14-Azadispiro5,1,5,2pentadecane,1,3.7 Substituted arom

45、atic hydrocarbons,(1).Trivial name,.,(2).System name System name=n-R-benzenen=2,3,4 or o(ortho),m(meta),p(para)for example:,(3)复杂取代芳烃 当苯环上有4个碳或更长链的不饱和侧链时，或多个苯环连接在同一链烃上时，链烃为母体苯环作取代基。,1-Phenyl-2-hexene,1,2-diphenyl-1-methylethane,3.8 Substituted aromatic radicals,(1)Trivial name,(2)Aryl(芳基）Arylene（亚芳基

46、）system name位置编码从自由价开始构词方法与链烃一样！,1,2-diphenylene,2,6-dimethylphenyl,四.Alcohols,aldehydes and ketones,4.1 Alcohols(1)System name:一元醇 Alcohol=Alkan-ol 多元醇 Alcohol=?-Alkane-n-ol 多元醇在名称前表标明羟基位置，在烃名称后直接加带数字词头的ol（不取e）!,For example：,（2）Old name,Alcohol=Radical+alcohol,（3）Trivial name,(4)硫醇和硫酚 在化合物的名称后直接加词尾

47、thiol就是硫醇或硫酚（不删除e）！For example:,Propanethiol Benzenethiol,4.2.Radicals,(1).RO-(R=C1C4)Radical=Alk-oxyfor example:CH3O-Methoxy CH3CH2O-Ethoxy CH3CH2CH2CH2O-Butoxy CH3CH2CH2O-Propoxy,(2).RO-(RC4),Radical=Alkyl-oxyFor example:(3).-O-X-O-Radical=X-dioxyfor example:-OCH2O-Methylenedioxy-OCH2CH2O-Ethylene

48、dioxy,4.3.Ether,(1).Ether as main group Ether=R+R+etherfor example:CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether(CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether,(2).-OR as substitutive groupFor example:CH3OCH2CH2OCH3 1,2-Dimethoxyethane(not 1,2-Dimethoxyethylene),1-Ethoxy-4-methylbenzene,Propoxyethen

49、e1,2-Diphenoxyethane,(3).Epoxy compounds环氧化合物用词头epoxy+alkane命名，用数字标明碳氧键位置。,1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane,2-Methyl-1,3-epoxybutane,4.4.Aldehydes,(1).Acyclic aldehydesAldehyde=Alkan-alfor example:,(2).Aldehyde with cyclic group,Aldehyde=Cyclic alkane-carbaldehydeFor example:,(3).部分醛基作取代基的多元醛的命名：当侧链上有不便以醛命

50、名的醛基时可用formyl或Metnoyl,Formyl-R等取代基命名：,3-(Formylethyl)-1,2,6-hexanetricarbaldehyde,3-(4,7-Diformyl-1-naphthyl)propanalor 1-(Formylethyl)-4,7-naphthalenedicarbaldehyde,(4).Trivial name,formyl,4.5.Ketones,(1).System nameKetone=Alkan-onefor example:,(2).Old name,Ketone=R+R+ketonefor example:,(3).脂肪酮与环系相