有机合成反应机理:离子与自由基反应机理课件-英.ppt
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1、2023/10/29,有机合成,College of Material Science and Engineering,2023/10/29,考核方式:闭卷考试成绩评定:期末考试占70、平时成绩占30;期末考试:试题(试题满分100分)考题类型:1.选择题;2.填空题;3.简答题;4.机理题;5.合成题平时成绩:满分30分;,2023/10/29,Structure and Bonding;Acids and Bases,Contents:,PrefaceAtomic structure Electron Configuration of AtomsCovalent BondsHybridiz
2、ation:sp3;sp2;spBond Polarity and ElectronegativityAcids and Bases,Chapter 1.,2023/10/29,Preface,Mid-1700s Foundations of Organic Chemistry alchemists noticed differences between compounds:living sources and mineralsIn 1770 Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman“Organic”and“Inorganic”substances Organic Che
3、mistry:Chemistry of compounds from living organisms.,2023/10/29,In 1828 Friedrich WohlerIn 1848 Gmelin Organic compounds:containing the element carbon,Ammonium cyanate Urea,2023/10/29,Shells and subshellsShell:1,2,3Subshell:s,p,d,f,1.1 Atomic Structure,Atomic number(Z,原子序数)=protons Mass number(A,质量数
4、)=Protons plus(+)neutrons,2023/10/29,Boundary surfaces of a 1s orbital and a 2s orbital.The boundary surfaces enclose the volume where there is a 90-95%probability of finding an electron.,Boundary surfaces of a 2p orbital,2023/10/29,1.2 Electron Configuration of Atoms,Three rules:Rule 1(Aufbau princ
5、iple):the orbitals of lowest energy are filled first,according to the order:1s-2s-2p-3s-3p-4s-3dRule 2(Pauli exclusion principle):Only two electrons can occupy an orbital,and they must be of opposite spin.Rule 3(Hunds rule):if two or more empty orbitals of equal energy are available,one electron is
6、placed in each with their spins parallel until all are half-full.,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,1.3 Covalent Bonds1.4 Hybridization:sp3,sp2,sp,2023/10/29,CH4(Methane):,2023/10/29,sp2 Hybridization,2023/10/29,CH2CH2(Ethylene):,2023/10/29,sp Hybridization,2023/10/29,CHCH(Acetylene):,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,1.5
7、Bond Polarity and Electronegativity,Bronsted-Lowry Definition Acid:a substance that donates a proton(hydrogen ion,H+)Base:a substance that accepts a proton Lewis Definition,1.6 Acids and Bases:,Electronegativity:the intrinsic ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond.,2023/10/29,Org
8、anic Reaction Mechanism,Nucleophilic substitution:SN1 and SN2Elimination:E1 and E2,2023/10/29,(一)Nucleophilic substitution,Nucleophile(亲核试剂):带负电荷的试剂(OH-,RO-,CN-,HS-)或具有未共用电子对的试剂(H2O,ROH,NH3)Nucleophilic substitution(亲核取代反应):由亲核试剂对显正电性的碳原子的进攻而引起的取代反应。,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,Mecha
9、nism of nucleophilic substitution,反应速率=kCH3BrOH-,反应速率=k(CH3)3C-Br,(1)双分子亲核取代反应SN2,(2)单分子亲核取代反应SN1,2023/10/29,1、SN2 reaction,新键已部分形成 旧键已部分断裂,2023/10/29,2、Stereochemistry of SN2 reaction,(S)-2-溴丁烷,(R)-2-丁醇,瓦尔登转化,2023/10/29,3、SN1 reaction,2023/10/29,4、正碳离子的结构和相对稳定性,正碳离子的稳定性顺序:3o 2o 1o+CH3,2023/10/29,4、
10、正碳离子的结构和相对稳定性,2023/10/29,5、SN1反应的立体化学,(R)-3-甲基-3-己醇(S)-3-甲基-3-己醇,外消旋体,2023/10/29,6、影响亲核取代反应速率的因素,(1)卤代烷结构的影响SN2:,空间位阻的顺序:3o 2o 1o+CH3同为1o烷基,-C上支链越多,空间位阻越大,反应越不易按SN2机理进行,易按SN1进行。,2023/10/29,SN1:,正碳离子的稳定性顺序:3o 2o 1o+CH3,2023/10/29,p-共轭效应,p-共轭效应,2023/10/29,(2)Leaving group,SN1:SN2:,Reactivity as leavin
11、g group:RI RBr RCl RF,2023/10/29,CN-的碱性极强,当碱性Nu-CN-时,故氰化物不被其他亲核试剂取代。即弱碱不能置换强碱。,2023/10/29,Problem,用化学的方法区别下列化合物:,2023/10/29,(3)Nucleophile,SN1:不受影响;原因?SN2:有影响!,(4)Polarity of solvent,2023/10/29,Eliminations,2023/10/29,1、Mechanism,(1)E2 reaction,2023/10/29,(2)E1 reaction,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,2、消除反应的
12、取向,扎衣采夫(Zaitsev)规则:发生消去反应有两个H时,优势产物是与含氢较少的C上消除氢。双键C上的烷基越多,烯烃就越稳定,越稳定的烯烃越易生成。,2023/10/29,3、消除反应中卤代烷烃的活性,E1、E2卤代烷烃消除反应活性顺序相同叔卤代烷 仲卤代烷 伯卤代烷,Question:tell what kind of reaction this is:,Solution:E2 reaction strong base KOH and secondary alkyl halide,2023/10/29,Organic Reaction Mechanism,Electrophilic Ar
13、omatic Substitution Reaction,2023/10/29,Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction,2023/10/29,1、Nitration,Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,Difficult,Easier than benzene!,2、Chlorination,2023/10/29,3、Sulfonation,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,Problem and discussion,如何由甲苯制得邻氯
14、甲苯而产品中不含有对氯甲苯?,2023/10/29,4、Friedel-Crafts reaction,(1)Friedel-Crafts Alkylation 傅-克烷基化,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,H-的迁移,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,Acyl酰基:,此反应主要用于制备芳香酮。,苯乙酮,(2)Friedel-Crafts Acylation 傅-克酰化,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,解释下列有关Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应的事实:(1)苯用RX在AlCl3存在下进行烷基化时需要过量的苯。(2)苯酚与苯氨的烷基化产率极差。(3)Ph
15、-Ph不能用下面反应制得。,(4)反应A产率极差,而反应B反应有很好的产率。,Problem and discussion,2023/10/29,解:(1)因为R-为致活基团,一烷基化产物C6H5R比C6H6本身更活泼,故C6H5R将进一步反应生成C6H5R2和C6H5R3。为了避免多烷基化,使用过量的苯以增加R+和C6H6之间的碰撞机会和减少R+和C6H5R之间的碰撞机会。(2)-OH和-NH2均能跟催化剂反应而使其失去活性。,(4)中间体R+,特别是10RH2C+能发生重排,重排反应如下:,所以,B的反应产物高。,Problem and discussion,2023/10/29,Alky
16、l groups with a benzylic hydrogen are oxidized to carboxylic groups(-COOH)。,(六)Reaction of substituted benzene,Oxidation,2023/10/29,(七)Substituent effects of benzene ring,58%38%4%,80%19%1%,2023/10/29,Ortho-and para-directors邻对位定位基:Substituents on an aromatic ring can direct substitutiont to the orth
17、o-and para-positions.inductive o/p-directing or resonance o/p-directing。-R.-X.-OH.-OR.-NH2.-NHR.-OOCR Meta-directors间位定位基:Substituents on an aromatic ring can direct substitution to the meta-positions.inductive m-directing or resonance m-directing-NO2.-CN.-SO3H.-CHO.-COOH,(七)Orienting effects in aro
18、matic rings,2023/10/29,Explanation,1、Electron effects of substituent groups,2023/10/29,2、Stereo-effects,2023/10/29,Exercises:,Answer:,Prepare the following compounds from toluene:,2023/10/29,(3),Propose a synthesis of the following substances from benzene:,2023/10/29,(4),2023/10/29,(5),2023/10/29,(6
19、),2023/10/29,写出下列化合物的苯环硝化活性由强到弱顺序:1、苯、1,3,5-三甲基苯、甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯2、苯、溴苯、硝基苯、甲苯3、2,4-二硝基氯苯、2,4-二硝基酚解:(a)1,3,5-三甲基苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯、甲苯、苯(b)甲苯、苯、溴苯、硝基苯(c)2,4-二硝基酚、2,4-二硝基氯苯,Problem and discussion,2023/10/29,Substituent effect of di-substituted benzenes,若原有的两个取代基相互一致而增强,引入第三个取代基的定位不成问题。,当一个为邻、对位定位基而另一个为间位基时,由邻、对位
20、基控制定位。,2023/10/29,当较强的活化基团与较弱的活化基团竞争时,由较强的活化基团控制定位。强度相同,得到差不多相等数量的异构体。,在两个相互处于间位的取代基之间,由于空间阻碍,很少会发生亲电取代反应。,Substituent effect of di-substituted benzenes,2023/10/29,Exercises:,DABC,Rank the reactivity of following compounds to nitration.,2023/10/29,Exercises:,Rank the reactivity of following compound
21、s to nitration.,DACB,2023/10/29,Exercises:,Predict the main product of the following compounds in nitration,2023/10/29,Exercises:,Predict the main product of the following compounds in nitration,2023/10/29,解:(3),Exercises:,Prepare the following compounds from toluene:,2023/10/29,(二)Non-benzenoid aro
22、matics,芳香性(aromaticity):环稳定,易取代,难加成。Hckel rule:环多烯化合物中,具有共平面的离域体系,其电子数等于4n+2(n=0,1,2,3),此化合物具有芳香性。,2 4 4 6,6 8 8 10 10,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,2023/10/29,Problem and discussion,用化学方法区别下列化合物:(1)苯与甲苯(2)环戊二烯和环戊二烯负离子解:(1)分别取两物质于两个试管中,分别加入酸性高锰酸钾溶液,使高锰酸钾褪色的是甲苯,不褪色的是苯。(2)分别取两物质于两个试管中,分别加入金属钠,有气体产生的是环戊二烯,无气体产
23、生的是环戊二烯负离子。,2023/10/29,2mol K与1mol 1,3,5,7-环辛四烯反应(不放出H2)生成的一个稳定化合物,该化合物不溶于非极性溶剂,而易溶于极性溶剂,说明理由。解:两个K原子提供两个电子给1,3,5,7-环辛四烯,生成1,3,5,7-环辛四烯二负离子的钾盐。因为是盐,所以,不溶于非极性溶剂,而易溶于极性溶剂。该反应方程式为:,1,3,5,7-环辛四烯二负离子是稳定的共轭体系,符合休克尔规则,具有芳香性,性质较稳定。,Problem and discussion,2023/10/29,Organic Reaction Mechanism,Nucleophilic Ar
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