会计学原理-约翰·J·怀尔德版-上海交通大学.ppt

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1、Dr.Hao Shengquan郝盛泉上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院,Introduction to Accounting,教材 Fundamental Accounting Principles(18 edition),John Wild,Kermit Larson and Barbara Chiappetta,McGraw Hill 会计学原理（第18版），约翰.J.怀尔德,克米特.D.拉森,巴巴拉.基亚佩塔 著,崔学刚,饶菁 改编,中国人民大学出版社ISBN:978-7-300-07904-2/F.2696主要教学参考书 Financial,课程要求-教材与辅助资料,作业：课后做习题。每

2、章会布置三到四个作业题，必须按时完成。期末考试：闭卷小组项目：公司财务分析，案例讨论，以小组为单位完成,课程要求,Class Participation(5%)Homework Assignments(20%)Final Exam(60%)Group Project(15%),课程要求评价体系,答疑安排,E-mail:,Fundamental Accounting Principles,Wild/Larson/Chiappetta 18th Edition,Chapter 1,Accounting in Business,Misconception-Accounting is Bookkeep

3、ing?,Bookkeeping is the clerical side of accountingthe recording of routine transactions and day-to-day record keeping.,Professional accountants are involved more with the interpretation and use of accounting information than with its actual preparation.,Im Not An Accounting Major,Accounting is the

4、language of business,and trying to run a business without understanding accounting information is analogous to trying to play sports without understanding the rules.,Accounting Information and Stock Price,Best Buy Co.IncFiscal Quarter(Feb,11 May,10,2010)Quarterly Earnings Announcement:June 15,2010 C

5、onsensus EPS:$0.50 Reported EPS:$0.36Surprise(-28%),Accounting Information and Stock Price,Why Accounting?,Hong Kong Stock Exchange(0388),Why Accounting?,Hong Kong Stock Exchange(0388)2007.12,share price HK$270,Put Option,right decision?2008.8.27 share price HK$102,Call Option,right decision?Intrins

6、ic value of stock!need information to make decisionAccounting provide the information!,Information Economics,Information Asymmetry信息不对称Moral Hazard Problem道德风险,Content,ConceptsTransaction Analysis ExerciseRatio:ROA,Objectives,Conceptual Chapter ObjectivesAnalytical Chapter ObjectivesProcedural Chapt

7、er Objectives,AccountingInformation,The Accounting Process,Decision Makers,Economic Activities,Actions(decisions),Accounting links decision makers with economic activities and with the results of their decisions.,Reported Results of Actions(decisions),企业活动概述,企业,1.所有者投资,2.所有者撤资,8.支付现金,7.销售商品或提供服务,3.贷

8、款,4.归还贷款,6.支付工资、产品与服务款项,5.提供商品或服务,所有者,雇员和供应商,顾客,债权人,目标和战略,投资,融资,经营,短期项目 现金 应收账款 存货,长期项目 土地 建筑物 设备 专利 股票和债券,短期项目 银行 供应商 员工 政府,长期项目 长期债权人 股东,采购 销售生产 管理,企业活动概述,Importance of Accounting:Language of Business,C1,Identifying Business Activities,Recording Business Activities,Communicating Business Activitie

9、s,Accounting Activities,C 1,Users of Accounting Information,C 2,Users of Accounting Information,Internal Users,Managerial accounting provides information needs for internal decision makers.,C 2,External Users,The primary external users of financial information are investors and creditors.,Objectives

10、 of External Financial Reporting,Objectives of External Financial Reporting,The primary financial statements.（对外报告财务信息是以披露基本财务报表的形式来实现）,Financial Reporting,Financial Reporting,Financial Statements,Financial Statements:A Lens to View Business,Internal Users,Board of Directors(董事会)Chief Executive Offi

11、cer Chief Financial OfficerVice PresidentsBusiness Unit ManagersPlant ManagersStore ManagersLine Supervisors,为明确决策权威、作出决策以及评价决策执行效果提供信息,提供企业内、外资源的信息，使之对评价过去的业绩和判断企业未来方向有用,Information useful to help the enterprise achieve its goal,objectives and mission.,Objectives of Managerial Reporting,Types of Ac

12、counting Information,Financial,Managerial,Tax,Integrity of Accounting Information,Institutional FeaturesGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP)Financial Accounting Standards BoardSecurities and Exchange CommissionInternal Control StructureAudits,一般公认会计原则财务会计准则委员会证券交易委员会内部控制结构审计,Integrity of A

13、ccounting Information,Professional OrganizationsAmerican Institute of Certified Public Accountants Institute of Management AccountantsInstitute of Internal AuditorsAmerican Accounting Association,美国注册会计师协会管理会计师协会内部审计师协会美国会计学会,Integrity of Accounting Information,Competence,Judgment and Ethical Behavi

14、orCertified Public Accountants(CPAs)Certificate in Management Accounting(CMA)Certificate in Internal Auditing(CIA)Code of Professional Conduct,Ethics,Ethical behavior is the cornerstone of the accounting profession.,Ethics,Fraud&Corporate Governance,Corporate governance entails corporate structures

15、and processes for overseeing the companys affairs to ensure that the company is being managed with the best interests of shareholders in mind.,Dennis Kozlowski,the former CEO of Tyco,was sentenced to 8 1/3 to 25 years in prison for his conviction for conspiracy,securities fraud,and falsifying record

16、s.,Financial accounting practice is governed by concepts and rules known as generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP).,Generally Accepted Accounting Principles,C 5,The Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)is the government group that establishes reporting requirements for companies that issue

17、 stock to the public.,Setting Accounting Principles,Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)is the private group that sets both broad and specific principles.,C 5,The International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)issues International Financial Reporting Standards that identify preferred accounting

18、 practices.,Principles of Accounting,C 5,Principles of Accounting,C 5,所有者,Economic Entity(会计主体),一家服装店的所有者从店里的收银机中取走了100美元请客户吃饭。服装店的会计账簿是否应该反映所有者拿走了现金呢?,会计主体是会计核算服务的对象或者说是会计人员进行核算(确认、计量、记录、报告)采取的立场及空间活动范围界定。,依据会计主体假设，答案为“是”.。这个假设要求服装店的会计账簿反映出企业的现金比以前减少了.,Business Entity Forms,Sole Proprietorship,Part

19、nership,Corporation,C 5,Owners of a corporation are called shareholders(or stockholders).When a corporation issues only one class of stock,we call it capital stock.,Corporation,C 5,*Proprietorships and partnerships that are set up as LLCs provide limited liability.,Characteristics of Businesses,C 5,

20、Proprietorships个体企业,What are some advantages?-total undivided authority-no restrictions on type of business must be legal,What are some disadvantages?-unlimited liability（无限责任）-limitation on size fund raising power（规模有限，融次能力受限）,Partnerships合伙企业,What are some advantages?-better credit standing possib

21、ly-more brain power,but consultation with partners required,What are some disadvantages?-unlimited personal liability for general partners（一般合伙人承担无限责任）-need for written partnership agreement,Corporations,What are some advantages?-separate legal existence-limited liability of stockholders-transferabi

22、lity of ownership relatively easy,What are some disadvantages?-taxes possible double taxation-extensive governmental regulation,Sarbanes-Oxley Act,Also known as SOXPassed(2002)by Congress to help curb financial abuses at companies that sell stock to the publicRequires accounting oversight and string

23、ent internal controlsPenalties include stock market delisting and criminal prosecution,Content,ConceptsTransaction Analysis ExerciseRatio:ROA,Accounting Equation,A1,Assets资产,=,Liabilities负债,+,Equity所有者权益,Land,Equipment,Buildings,Cash,Vehicles,Store Supplies,Notes Receivable,Accounts Receivable,Resou

24、rces owned or controlled by a company,Assets,A1,Taxes Payable,Wages Payable,Notes Payable,Accounts Payable,Creditors claims on assets,Liabilities,A1,Equity,A1,Ownersclaims on assets,Revenues,Owner Investments,Owner Withdrawals,Expenses,Expanded Accounting Equation,A1,Transaction Analysis Equation,Th

25、e accounting equation MUST remain in balance after each transaction.,A2,Transaction Analysis(1),The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Owner Capital(equity),J.Scott invests$20,000 cash to start the business.,A2,Transaction Analysis,J.Scott invests$20,000 cash to start the business.,A2,The accoun

26、ts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Supplies(asset),Transaction Analysis(2),Purchased supplies paying$1,000 cash.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Purchased supplies paying$1,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Equipment(asset),Transaction Analysis(3),Purchased equipment for$15,000 cash.,A2,

27、Transaction Analysis,Purchased equipment for$15,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are:(1)Supplies(asset)(2)Equipment(asset)(3)Accounts Payable(liability),Transaction Analysis(4),Purchased Supplies of$200 and Equipment of$1,000 on account.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Purchased Supplies of$200 and Equipm

28、ent of$1,000 on account.,A2,Transaction Analysis(5),The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Notes payable(liability),Borrowed$4,000 from 1st American Bank.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Borrowed$4,000 from 1st American Bank.,A2,Transaction Analysis,The balances so far appear below.Note that the Balance

29、 Sheet Equation is still in balance.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Now,lets look at transactions involving revenue,expenses and withdrawals.,A2,The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Revenues(equity),Transaction Analysis(6),Provided consulting services receiving$3,000 cash.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Pro

30、vided consulting services receiving$3,000 cash.,A2,The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Salaries expense(equity),Transaction Analysis(7),Paid salaries of$800 to employees.,Remember that the balance in the salaries expense account actually increases.But,equity decreases because expenses reduce

31、equity.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Remember that expenses decrease equity.,Paid salaries of$800 to employees.,A2,The accounts involved are:(1)Cash(asset)(2)Withdrawals(equity),Transaction Analysis(8),A withdrawal of$500 is made by the owner.,Remember that the withdrawal account actually increases.But,t

32、otal equity decreases because the withdrawal reduces equity.,A2,Transaction Analysis,Remember that withdrawals decrease equity.,A withdrawal of$500 is made by the owner.,A2,Financial Statements,Lets prepare the Financial Statements reflecting the transactions we have recorded.,Income StatementStatem

33、ent of Owners EquityBalance SheetStatement of Cash Flows,P1,Transaction Analysis,Income Statement,A withdrawal of$500 is made by the owner.,A2,Statement of Owners Equity,Net income is the difference between Revenues and Expenses.,The income statement describes a companys revenues and expenses along

34、with the resulting net income or loss over a period of time due to earnings activities.,Income Statement,P1,The net income of$2,200 increases Owners Equity by$2,200.,Statement of Owners Equity,P1,The Balance Sheet describes a companys financial position at a point in time.,Balance Sheet,P1,Statement

35、 of Cash Flows,P1,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets(ROA),A3,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets(ROA),A3,ROA is viewed as an indicator of operating efficiency.,Return on Assets(ROA),Net incomeAverage total assets,Return on assets,=,A3,End of Chapter 1,