高三第一轮复习语法复习一词类及句子成分.ppt

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1、高三第一轮复习 语法复习一 词类及句子成分,一词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类（parts of speech）。英语的词通常分为十大类，即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下：名词 名词(n=noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如：foreigner外国人 soap肥皂 Newton牛顿 law法律 freedom自由 peace和平,英语名词可分为两大类：1.普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如：teacher教师 market市场

2、rice大米 magazine杂志 sound 声音 production生产2.专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须Russia俄罗斯New York纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如：shopshop商店 busbuses 公共汽车 librarylibraries图书馆 toytoys 玩具 leafleaves树叶英语中有一些名词的复

3、数形式是不规则的。manmen男人 toothteeth牙齿 datumdata数据,冠词 冠词(art=article)放在名词之前，帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。不定冠词为a/an，用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前，an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如：a hotel a chance a double room a useful book an exhibition an honest man 定冠词只有一个，即the，表示某一类人或事物中特定的一

4、个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前，也可用于不可数名词前。例如：the TV programs 那些电视节目 the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会,（三）代词 代词(pro=pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。1人称代词，如：I,you,they,it等；2物主代词，如：my,his,their,our,mine,hers等；3反身代词，如：myself,yourself,itself,ourselves,oneself等；4相互代词，如：each other,one another等；5指示代词，如：this,that,these,those,such,sa

5、me等；6疑问代词，如：who,whom,whose,which,what等；7关系代词，如：who,whom,whose,which,that等；8不定代词，如：some,any,no,all,one,every,many,a little,someone,anything等；,（四）数词 数词(num=numeral)是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词，例如：one(一)，twenty(二十)，thirty-five(三十五)，one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等；后者称为序数词，例如：first(第一)，twentieth(第二十)，fifty

6、-first(第五十一等。,（五）形容词 形容词(adj=adjective)是用来修饰名词，表示名词属性的词。例如：yellow(黄色的)，wonderful(惊人的)，strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前，例如：busy streets(繁华的街道)，public relations(公共关系)，young men(年轻人)等。形容词的比较等级可分为三种，既原级、比较级和最高级。原级，既未变化的形容词原形，例如：great,big,difficult等；比较级，既形容词+后缀-er或more+形容词，例如：greater,bigger,more difficult等；最

7、高级，既形容词+后缀-est或most+形容词，例如：greatest,biggest,most difficult等。,（六）副词 副词(adv=adverb)可分为四种，包括：1普通副词，例如：together(一起)，well(好)，carefully(仔细地)等；2疑问副词，例如：when(何时)，where(何地)，how(如何)，why(为什么)等；3连接副词，例如：therefore(因此)，then(然后)，however(然而)，otherwise(否则)等；4关系副词，例如：where,when,why等。副词的比较等级的构成和形容词一样。,（七）动词 动词(v=verb)

8、是表示动作或状态的词，例如：sign(签字)，support(支持)，have(有)，exist(存在)等。动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语，例如：explain(解释)，stay(停留)，have(有)等。系动词作谓语时，后面需接表语。常见英语系动词有：be(是)，seem(似乎)，look(看起来)，become(变成)，appear(显得)，get(变得)，feel(感到)，turn(变成)，remain(仍然是)等。情态动词表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气和情感。情态动词只能和原形动词一起构成谓语动词。英语情态动

9、词主要有can(能够)，may(可以，也许)，must(必须)及其过去形式could,might等。助动词常和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式，以及用于否定和疑问等结构中。英语助动词主要有shall,will,have,be,should,would,do等。,实义动词还可根据是否需要宾语分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词(vt=transitive verb)后面要跟宾语，意义才完整。例如：Have you received the letter?你受到了那封信吗？（the letter是及物动词receive的宾语）不及物动词(vi=intransitive verb)本身意

10、义完整，后面不需跟宾语，例如：The old man walked very slowly.这老人走的很慢。（walked是不及物动词）不及物动词需要跟宾语时，要加适当的介词。如：He is listening carefully.He is listening to the teacher carefully.注意：哪些是及物动词和不及物动词要死记。但是，很多动词有时是及物动词，有时是不及物动词。如ride:She is riding.She is riding her bike.动词有四中基本形式，即动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。例如：live livedlivedliving,（

11、八）介词 介词(prep=preposition)又叫前置词，放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面，表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系。介词在句中一般不重读，也不能单独作句子成分。介词根据其构成，可分为简单介词，如：in,at,for,since等；复合介词，如：into(进入),as for(至于),out of(出自)；二重介词，如：until after(直至.之后),from among(从.当中)；短语介词，如：according to(根据),because of(因为),in front of(在.之前),in the event of(如果)；分词介词，如：regardin

12、g(关于),considering(考虑到),including(包括)。介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositional phrase)。,（九）连词 连词(conj=conjunction)是连接词、短语、从句或句子的词。连词是虚词，在句中一般不重读，也不能在句中单独作句子成分。根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质，可分为并列连词和从属连词。并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词，例如：and(和),or(或者、否则),but(但是),for(因为),not only.but also(不仅.而且),neither.nor(即不.也

13、不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词，例如：that,if(如果),whether(是否),when(当.时候),although(虽然),because(因为),so that(结果)。从连词本身的结构形式看，又可分为：简单连词，如：but,because,if；关联连词，如：not only.but also,as.as(和.一样)；分词连词，如：supposing(假如),provided(倘若)；短语连词，如：as if(好象),as soon as(一旦.就),in order that(以便)。,（十）感叹词 感叹词(interj=interjection)是表示喜怒哀

14、乐等感情的词，例如：oh,well,why,hello等。上述十大词类中，名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词、数词等都有实义，故称为实词(notioal word)；而介词、冠词、连词、感叹词等没有实义，故称为虚词(form word)。不少词可以属于几个词类，例如：smoke(烟尘)n.，(吸烟)n.；own(自己的)adj，(拥有)v.；just(刚才)adv，(正义的)adj；key(钥匙)n.，(主要的)adj，等。,句子成分,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同

15、位语。,二）主语：,主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swi

16、m in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,Walls have ears.隔墙

17、有耳。（名词做主语）He will take you to the hospital.他会带你去医院。（代词做主语）Three plus four is seven.三加四等于七。（数词做主语）To see is to believe.眼见为实。（动词不定式做主语）Smoking is not allowed in public places.公共场所不允许吸烟。（动名词做主语）Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.他们来不来取决与天气。（从句做主语）,（三）谓语,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态

18、。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,（四）表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身

19、份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.

20、His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,rest,remai

21、n,stay,lie,stand,例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He seems(to be)very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.

22、例如：He became mad after that.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.,（五）宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionarie

23、s do you have?I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,she covered her face with her hands.她用双手蒙住脸。（名词短语作宾语）We

24、havent seen her for a long time.我们好长时间没看到她了。（代词作宾语）Do you mind opening the window?打开窗户你介意吗？（动名词短语作宾语）Give me four please.请给我四个（数词作宾语）He wants to dream a nice dream.他想做一个好梦。（动词不定式短语作宾语）We need to know what others are doing.我们需要了解其他人都在干什么。（从句作宾语）I lived in Japan in 1986.我1986年住在日本。（名词和数词作介词的宾语）,宾语种类：（

25、1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him the

26、ir monitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.下列动词只能接动名词做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Joh

27、n has admitted breaking the window.下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如stop,mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。,（六）宾语补足语,英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语（Object Complement），才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等)+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.His father named him Dongming.2.They painted their boa

28、t white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,（七）定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示

29、：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for nex

30、t term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.Farmers who saw us stared at us as if we are walking skeletons.(定语从句),They are women workers.她们是女工。（名词作定语）Toms father didnt write home until yesterday.汤姆的父亲直到昨天才给家里写信。（所有格名词作定语）Equal pay for equal work shou

31、ld be introduced.应当实行同工同酬。（形容词作定语）The play has three acts.这出戏有三幕。（数词作定语）This is her first trip to Europe.这是她首次欧洲之行。（代词、数词和介词短语作定语）China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。（现在分词作定语）You havent kept your promise to write us often.你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。（动词不定式短语作定语）My cat has a good nose for milk.我的猫对牛奶嗅觉灵敏。（介

32、词短语作定语）Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.想去西藏的人须在此签名。（从句作定语）,（八）状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组

33、）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continue.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,These products are selling quickly.这些产品现在十分畅销。（副词作状语）He is knee deep in snow.他踩在齐膝深的雪里。（名词作状语）The best fish swim near the bottom.好鱼居水底。（有价值的东西不能轻易得到。）（介词短语作地点状语）She sat th

34、ere doing nothing.她坐在那里无所事事。（现在分词短语作伴随状语）Well send a car over to fetch you.我们将派一辆车去接你。（动词不定式短语作目的状语）She was slow to make up her mind.她迟迟不能下决心。（动词不定式短语作状语）Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。（从句作时间状语）,9种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the

35、 rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asl

36、eep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,位置：修饰 v.时，通常放在所修饰的 v.之后或句末。The girls are singing happily.There is a new bridge over the river.He runs fast.为了强调可放句首。Over the river there is a new bridge.When I came,they were doing th

37、eir homework.In front of the building,there is a big tree.,Sometimes（有时）,often（经常）,always（一直，总是）,usually（通常）,ever（曾经）,already（已经）,also（也）,even（甚至）,almost（几乎）,never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）,seldom（不常）.一般放在助动词(am,is,are,was,were;do,does,did;have,has;shall,will;should,would及他们的否定式、情态动词之后，其他动词之前。,He is often

38、late for class.He has never been there.He doesnt always finish his homework.We must often clear up our rooms.He often comes late to class.He also knows the answer.He even wants to do it himself.They will never forget you.,修饰adj.,adv.时，一般放在被修饰词之前。The pen is very good.He can do it very well.注意：地点状语一般放

39、在时间状语之前。I will go there tomorrow.,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,练习,（一）.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2

40、.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,6.His job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There

41、 is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important to master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Pr

42、edicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tast

43、ed sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,指出下列诸句中画线部分是什么成分：On the left of my house is an old church.Why could the boiling point of water be lower at the top of a mountain?3.I am not going to work today.4.This thing is for peeling potatoes.5.What

44、time will you arrive?6.The Genie promised that if anyone should come and set him free,he would make him very rich.7.What nationality are you?,S.,S.,V.,Prep.O.,Adv.,O.C.,Predicative,8.I couldnt understand why he had decided to retire at 50.9.I am terribly confused by all this information.10.We had al

45、ready reached 9000 feet by then.11.She reminded me to switch off all the lights.12.Ill be able to pass my driving test after I have had a few lessons.13.I love swimming.It keeps me fit.14.It is obvious that money doesnt grow on trees.,Adverbial,V.,O.C.,O.,O.C.,S.,O.,(二)。划分句子成分1.we are working.2.I ca

46、n swim very well.3.The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me.4.Why does the wind blow.5.The rain has been pulling down for a whole day.6.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.7.Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone.8.You must get the car ready by tomorrow.,9.I have a lot of clothes to wa

47、sh.I have a lot of clothes to be washed.10.He gave his son some advice on reading.11.Read me the first paragraph.12.Ive ordered some soup for you.13.He began leaning English ten years ago.14.My being late worried my teacher.15.That president himself would visit our school excited all of us.16.April

48、Day is the special day of the year when you play a joke on someone.,17.He usually takes a nap after lunch,as is his habit.18.I found the book in the corner of the room.19.he finished lunch and went into the garden.20.The telephone rang.21.We study hard.22.His father might have died.23.Will you leave

49、 the door open when going out.24.Can you make the dog stand still?,25.The landlord had them working day and night.26.I think a sound knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.27.We all breathe,eat,drink.28.I woke up at 6:00 in the morning.29.The book weighs five kilos.30.They will be flying

50、to London.31.The shop assistant found some certain materials for me.32.He promised me a new English-Chinese dictionary.,33.Please pass a newly-published to me.34.He lived in Guang Zhou.35.The father is showing the boy how to plant trees.36.His uncle left him some money.37.She is teaching the piano t