翻译基础6 增词和省略.ppt

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1、A Practical Course of TranslationLecture 6 Amplification and Omission,Part 1 Amplification in English-Chinese TranslationPart 2 Amplification in Chinese-English TranslationPart 3 Omission in English-Chinese TranslationPart 4 Omission in Chinese-English Translation,Teaching Outline,Part I Amplificati

2、on in E-C Translation,By amplification,also called addition,means supplying necessary words in our translation work on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original so as to make the version correct and clear,to make it appear more like the language translated into.A translator should try to s

3、upply necessary words to make his version both accurate in meaning and in keeping with the idiomatic use of the target language.It is for the purpose of faithful representation of the thought of the author that we often resort to“amplification”.,Examples,1）How she wished she could send that man to t

4、he Furiesfor the punishment she thought he deserved.他真想把那个 臭 男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。Furies 希神 复仇女神(以清算罪恶为职责,被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎)根据意义或修辞上的需要以及惯用法的需要，增译的情况可以概括为以下12种：,1.Adding verbs,英语中重复用词的情况较少，而汉语有时为了达到一定的修辞效果，经常使用重叠或排比句，翻译成汉语时需要在名词前增加动词。1)In the evening,after the banquets,the concerts and the table tennis

5、 exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.晚上在（参加）宴会、（出席）音乐会、（观看）乒乒球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。2)Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.物质可以转换成能量，能量可以转化为物质。3)My work,my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time.我干工作，做家务，朋友往来，这些占用了我的全部时间。,2.Adding adj.,1

6、)With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism.中国人民正在以多么 高的 热情建设社会主义啊！2)It will make a man of him in the college.在那所大学里，一定能把他造就成 堂堂的 男子汉。,根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定的场合可增加适当的副词，以确切表达原意。1)After the thunderstorm,the clouds melted away.雷雨过后，乌云 渐渐 散去。2)Now and then,his boots shone.他的靴子时时 闪闪 发光。3）A

7、s he sat down and began talking,words pour out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,3.Adding adv.,4.1 在不及物动词后增加名词 由于英语中有及物动词和不及物动词之分，有时宾语隐藏在动词后面，翻译成汉语时需要把宾语补充出来。To do some shopping 买 东西 To do some washing 洗 衣服 He ate and drank,for he was exhausted.由于疲倦了，他吃了些东西，喝了点酒。2)The invading troops looted and raped wherever th

8、ey went.入侵士兵到处抢劫 财物，奸污 妇女。3)Day after day he came to his work-sweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.他每天来干活-扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,4.Adding nouns.,4.2 在形容词前增加名词 1)“It is really nice and cheap.You will regret for not buying it later.”这真是物美价廉，你不买会后悔的。2)She was walking in the street alone,weary and ragged.她独自一人走在大街上,面容 憔悴，

9、衣衫 烂篓。3)She is extroverted,smiling all the day.她 性格 开朗，整天 面 带笑容。,4.3 在抽象名词后增加名词：某些由动词或形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更符合汉语习惯，表达更为准确。to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作 to resolve 解决 resolution 解决方案 backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态 tense 紧张 tension 紧张气氛 arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为 pa

10、triotic 爱国的 patriotism 爱国热情 necessary 必要 necessity 必要性,Examples,1)The remedies you proposed are neat and easy but impossible.你提的补救措施倒是干净利落，轻而易举，但是行不通。2)From the evaporation of water people know that liquids can turn into gases under certain condition.人们从水的蒸发现象了解到，液体在一定条件下能变成气体。,5.增加表示复数的词：(1)增加重叠词表示

11、复数 Flowers bloom all over the yard.（朵朵）Newsmen went flying off to Iraq to get the latest news.（记者纷纷）There were rows of houses which he ad never seen before.（一排排）(2)增加数词或其他词 The lion is the king of animals.（百 兽之王）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛

12、万 马奔腾，千 夫怒吼。The US had a brief period of regional feudalism during the period of slavery in the southern states.南方 各 州,6.增加表达时间的词：英语动词随时态的变化而变化，而汉语动词没有词形的变化，但有时为了表达的需要和准确性，需要增加一些表示时间的词如：曾，曾经，已经，过了，了，那时，此时，当时，在，正在,着，将要，就要，就会，便等。6.1 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词1）I had known two great social systems.那时以前，我就经历过两

13、大社会制度。2）Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power,Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power.当年，基辛格 曾 需要尼克松的援引而获得权势，而今（如今），尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。,6.增加表达时间的词,6.2 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词1)They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.从前 他爸爸是个渔夫，他 过去 跟我们 现在 一样穷。

14、2)My father is cooking,but my mother watching TV.我爸爸在煮饭，而妈妈 正 看电视。3)I knew it quite well as I know it now.我当时（过去）就跟现在一样清楚。4)I was,and remain,grateful for the part he played in my release.我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。,7.增加语气词,汉语中的语气词很多，如：的，吧，呢，啊，呀，嘛，啦，了，罢了，而已，在翻译时，需要在准确理解原文意义和修辞色彩的基础上增加适当的语气词。1)Dont ta

15、ke it seriously.Im just making fun of you.不要认真嘛，我只不过开开玩笑罢了（而已）。2)As for her,she did not love her from the very beginning.她呢，从一开始就没爱过他 3)That shop has been moved for ages,dont you know?（难道）,8.增加量词：英语中数词与可数名词直接连用，而汉语必须借助量词，因此，翻译时需要增加量词。1.A bike 一辆自行车 a desk 一张书桌a tractor 一台拖拉机 A bad dream 一场噩梦An apart

16、ment 一套公寓 a full moon 一轮满月1)A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea.一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。2)A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river.一弯 溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，会合到江里去了。3)This too was a complete lie.那是一 派 胡言。,9.增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词,In April,there was the“Ping”heard around the world.In July,the ping“p

17、onged”.四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月，美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。,10.增加概括词,The Americans and Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of message.美日 双方 在完全保密的情况下交换了情报。2)The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.三方面 的成就 3)You and I are good frien

18、ds.We should trust each other.（你我 两人）,11.增加承上启下的词,在翻译时，特别是进行语篇翻译时，更需要目的语的连贯性，以准确表达原文意义，这就需要增加适当的词以起承上启下的作用。1)For mistakes had been made,bad ones.因为已经犯了许多错误，而且还是 很糟糕的错误。2)Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days.Sort of the fashion.不错，我是喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况 算是有点赶时髦吧。,12.惯用短语中的增词,有些惯用词语或

19、短语意义载量很大，如不恰当增加词语，很难将原语言的意义准确表达出来。1）He intends to drop names.他常常提及名人或有权有势的人，以便提高自己的身价让人对自己刮目相看。To be nice more than wise 因爱面子而损害自己的实际利益 To see how the cat jumps 先观望一下形势，然后在行动 To run as fast as ones legs can carry one 用尽吃奶的力气拼命地跑 To be a back-seat driver 喜欢插手超越自己职责范围的事务 2)Their“May-December”marriage

20、ended in a stormy divorce.他们两个人的婚姻是老夫配少妻，最后吵得昏天黑地，只好以离婚散伙而告终。,Part II 汉译英中增译的7种情况：,1.添加代词汉语中有许多没有主语的句子，英语则一般需要主语;另外汉语中很多名词前都没有代词，需要增补。1)大作收到，十分高兴。I have very glad to have received your writing.2)没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak.3)她用手蒙住脸，好象是为了保护眼睛。She covered h

21、er face with her hands,as if to protect her eyes.,2.添加连词,汉语重意合，英语重形合，把汉语翻译成英语时，要适当增加连词。1 虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。So long as green hills remain,there will never be a shortage of firewood.3 送君千里，终有一别。Although you may escort a gue

22、st a thousand miles,yet must the parting come at last.,3.添加介词,1）我们应该逐步消灭城乡差别。We should try to eliminate the difference between town and country.2）你白天还是晚上飞广州？Do you fly to Guangzhou in the daytime or at night?3）那我们在山脚见吧。Lets meet at the foot of the hill.,4.添加惯词,1）她不把他当阿公，而当作亲爹。She considered him not

23、a father-in-law but a father.2）我们对问题要作全面的分析，才能解决得妥当。We must make a comprehensive analysis of problem before it can be properly solved.3）这些事我想看的小说。These are the novels I want to read.,5.增补动词,1）别傻里傻气。Dont behave foolishly.2)打字机价廉物美。The typewriter is low in price and fine in quality.,6.从文化角度增译词语：,汉语中的典

24、故、谚语以及在一定的历史、政治条件下形成的某些名词、术语和简化的说法，汉语读者熟悉，而英语读者不一定能看懂。1 班门弄斧 Show off ones skills with the axe before an expert carpenter.2 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.3.这对年轻夫妇并不相配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。This young couple is not well-matched,one is a Xishi,-a famous C

25、hinese beauty,while the other is a Zhangfeia well-known ill-tempered brute.,Group Discussion,Directions:The following is the second part of a famous Chinese poem with its English translation.Study the English version carefully and compare it with the original text.Try to find out the translation tec

26、hniques that we have Learned so far in this translation.,水调歌头 明月几时有,转朱阁，低绮户，照无眠。不应有恨，何事长向别时圆。人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。,Try to Find out the Skills Weve Learned in this Version,She rounds the vermilion tower,Stoops to silk-pad doors,Shines on those who sleepless lie.Why does she,bearing us no g

27、rudge,Shine upon our parting,reunion deny?But rare is perfect happiness-The moon does wax,the moon does wane,And so men meet and say goodbye.I only pray our life be long,And our souls together heavenward fly!,Notes:,1 vermilion:a bright reddish-orange colour2 Stoop:to bend your body forwards and dow

28、n.3 Grudge:a feeling of anger or dislike you have for sb.because you cannot forget that they harmed you.4 bear sb.no grudge/bear sb.a grudge 没有怨恨/怀有怨恨,温故而知新,故：Amplification 译文中增加了代词（she,those,us,our），介词（to,on,upon,heavenward）,连词（but,and,so）,惯词（the）以及关系代词（who）等。“阴晴圆缺”The moon does wax,the moon does w

29、ane 只译出了“圆缺”悲欢离合”And so men meet and say goodbye.只译出了“离合”“千里共婵娟”And our souls together heavenward fly!省去了“千里”，其意义已蕴含在上下文中，而且“千里”在原文中系虚指，如实译反而不妥。新：汉语中这类四字词组前后两字只是同义重复，译出反而累赘，因此省略不译。In such cases,we need to apply another technique-Omission.,Part III.Omission in E-C Translation,Omission:to leave out so

30、me unnecessary words.所谓省略法，就是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。省略法是出于语法结构、习惯表达法或者修辞的需要，在能充分表达原意的基础之上，使译文更加通顺流畅、言简意赅。,Nine Cases of Omission in E-C Translation,i.Omitting Articles:省略冠词1.1英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。The horse is a useful animal.马是有益的动

31、物。It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.在过去，飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。,i.Omitting Articles:省略冠词,1.2英译汉时，省略原文中的冠词是一般情况。但在某些场合，冠词却不能省略，可以翻译为“一个，每一，这个，那个”等。例如：He left without saying a word.他一句话不说就走了。Egbert said he was getting a dollar a mile.埃格伯

32、特说，他（开车）每天一英里就赚一块钱。This is the book you wanted.这就是你要的那本书。,ii.Omitting Pronouns省略代词,2.1省略作主语的人称代词2.1.1 根据汉语习惯，前句出现一个主语，后句如仍为同一主语，就不必重复出现。英语中通常每句都有主语，因此人称代词作主语往往多次出现，这种人称代词汉译时常常可以省略。I had many wonderful ideas,but I only put a few into practice.我有很多美妙的想法，但是只把少数付诸实践了。He was thin and haggard and he looke

33、d miserable.他瘦弱憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。,ii.Omitting Pronouns省略代词,2.1.2 英语中，泛指人称代词作主语时，即使是作第一个主语，在汉语译文中往往省略。We live and learn.活到老，学到老。When will he arrive?You can never tell.他什么时候到？说不准。The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。,ii.Omitti

34、ng Pronouns省略代词,2.2省略作宾语的代词英语中有些作宾语的代词，不管前面是否提到过，翻译时往往可以省略。The more he tried to hide his mistakes,the more he revealed them.他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。Please take off the old picture and throw it away.请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。,ii.Omitting Pronouns省略代词,2.3省略物主代词英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出

35、现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。I put my hand into my pocket.我把手放进口袋。She listened to me with her rounded eyes.她睁大双眼，听我说话。,iii.Omitting Impersonal Pronoun“it”非人称代词it 的省略,当it被用作非人称或没有意义的时候，翻译时往往可以省略。Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。He glanced at his watch;it was 7:15.他一看表，是七点

36、一刻了。It took me a long time to reach the hospital.我花了很长时间才到了医院。It is the people who are really powerful.人民才是最强大的。,iv.Omitting Conjunctions省略连接词,汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。英语则不然，连接词用得比较多。因此，英译汉时在很多情况下可不必把连接词译出来。e looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁不安。（省略并列连接词）As it is late,you had better go

37、 home.时间不早了，你最好回家去吧。（省略表示原因的连接词）If winter comes,can spring be far behind?冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（省略表示条件的连接词）,v.Omitting Prepositions省略介词,一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语介词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾大都不省略。5.1省略表示时间的前置词The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。On July 1,1997,Hong Kong retur

38、ned to the Peoples Republic of China.一九九七年七月，香港回归了中华人民共和国。,v.Omitting Prepositions省略介词,5.2省略表示地点的前置词Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。In winter,it is much colder in the North than it is in the South冬天，北方的天气比南方冷得多。表示地点的英语介词在译文句首往往可以省略，但放在动词后面却一般不省略，如：He stood by the desk.他站在桌旁。I stayed

39、in my brothers house.我住在弟弟家里。,vi.Omitting Verbs省略动词,英语句子中一般必须有谓语动词。而汉语我顺子的谓语并不一定非由动词充当，形容词和名词等同样可以作谓语。英译汉时可根据汉语的习惯适当省略原文中的某些动词。主要有两类：一些连系动词和一些与具有动作含义的名词等搭配使用的动词。When the pressure gets low,the boiling-point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order.必须

40、在购货单规定的时间交货。,vii.Omitting Nouns省略名词,英语介词of后面的名词，有时译成汉语后就已经将意思表达清楚，这时便可以将of前面表示度量等意义的名词省略。1）The sun and a grain of sand are both bodies,for each consists of a definite amount of matter.太阳和沙子都是物体，因为它们都是由一定数量的物质组成的。（省略名词grain）2）Different kinds of matter have different properties.不同的物质具有不同的特性。（省略名词kinds

41、）3）Going through the process of heat treatment,metals become much stronger and more durable.经过热处理后，金属强度更大，更加耐用。,viii.Omitting synonyms,英语句子中有些短语重复出现，或者具有相同意义的词重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略。1）To our knowledge,advertisement and commercials do many important things for society;they convey business information,fac

42、ilitate communication and help keep the business world moving.据我们所知，广告在社会中起着重要的作用：传递商品信息，促进交流，使商界正常运作。2）The undersigned sellers and buyers have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.兹经买卖双方同意成交下列商品，特签定如下条款。,ix.Omission of redundant words 冗词赘

43、语的省略,1）Part-time job hunters who have worked at a job will receive preference over those who have not.寻找业余工作者，有工作经验者优先聘用。2）There was no snow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.没有下雪，但叶落草枯。3）There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the me

44、chanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end.仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。,Part IV.Omission In C-E Translation:,1.省略表范畴的词语说服工作 persuasion落后状态 backwardness自满情绪 arrogance疯狂行为 madness紧张关系/局势 tension测量办法 measurement讨论的范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系。The discussion covers Sino-U.S.relation and

45、Sino-Russian relation.中国现时的农业生产的发展状况The present development of Chinas agriculture今年上半年进口计划的执行情况也是好的。Our import-export in the first half of his year has gone very well.,2.省译重复词语,1)搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要案的清查。We should investigate key commodities,markets and areas to clear up major cases.2)沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发就

46、在沉默中灭亡。Silence!Silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence.3)我们党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。Our party must always represent the development trend of Chinas advanced productive forces,the orientation of Chinas advanced culture,and the fundamental interests of the o

47、verwhelming majority of people in China.,3.省译同义词,异词同义重复，又称同义词重复在汉语中十分普遍，尤其是四字对偶词组，如残酷无情、铜墙铁壁、无独有偶、直言无隐、横行霸道、自言自语、字斟句酌等等。汉语语言表达中同义反复，搭床架屋的现象按西方思维就不符合逻辑，视为英文表达的大忌。因此，汉译英时往往省译同义词。全体员工精诚团结，上下一心。All the staff unite in absolute sincerity.目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。Target priorities were established there.他在情况危急

48、时，态度从容，镇定自若。He showed himself calm in an emergency situation.男男女女，熙熙攘攘，络绎不绝。Men and women hurried by in long,shifting lines.,4.省译没有实际意义的词语,汉语修辞语在程度上往往强于英语，“大词”的使用频率偏高。汉语表达习惯于在形容词和动词前加上副词，只是起强调作用，或便于阅读时朗朗上口，这些副词都没有实际意义，翻译时可以省略。如：十分重要、真抓实干、切实加强、认真执行、彻底粉碎我们要大力发扬求真务实，勇于创新的精神。We must carry forward and pr

49、omote the spirit of practicality,truth-seeking and courage in innovation.狠抓管理，安全生产。Improving management and ensuring safe production.,5.调整句法结构，省译某些词语,马克思主义的发展史充分说明：解放思想，实事求是是引导社会前进的强大力量。The history of Marxism fully shows that the principle emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts leads to

50、great social progress.,6.从文化角度省译词语,1）因为他长得伶俐可爱，大人们都爱跟他玩；这个说：“二黑，算一算十岁属什么？”那个说：“二黑，给我补一课！”As he was such a lovely child,all grown-ups enjoyed joking with him.2）当他六岁时，他爹就教他识字。识字课本既不是五经、四书，也不是常识国语，而是天干、地支、五行、八卦、六十四卦名等学起，进一步便学些百中经、玉匣记、增删卜易、麻衣神相、奇门遁甲、阴阳宅等书。When he was six,his father started teaching him