放射化学第九讲放射防护.ppt
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1、2023/10/26,放射化学,Radiochemistry,2023/10/26,第九讲 放射防护,放射防护中使用的量及单位射线防护概念放射防护标准射线的防护X、射线的防护;中子的防护。剂量监督废物处理、处置应用辐射管理,2023/10/26,9-1放射防护中使用的量及单位,吸收剂量;当量剂量有效剂量待积当量剂量;集体当量剂量集体有效剂量相对生物效应确定性效应随机效应,2023/10/26,放射防护Radiological Protection,目标:在不过分限制有益的、产生辐射的实践的前提下,为人们提供一个适宜的防护标准To provide an appropriate standard
2、of protection for man without unduly limiting the beneficial practices giving rise to radiation exposure,2023/10/26,辐射,Radiation,Where does radiation come from?A large contribution of the radiation on earth is from the sun(solar)or from radioactive isotopes of the elements(terrestrial).Radiation is
3、going through you at this very moment!,2023/10/26,日常照射,Radon is a highly radioactive element that can have serious adverse effects if it gathers in large quantities.,Your annual dose of radiation from natural sources is about 0.003 Sv or 3 mSv,2023/10/26,细胞的损伤及其对辐射的修复能力,All living cells have enzymes
4、 designed to repair radiation damage to DNAIn some cases,radiation-damaged DNA will produce cancer cellsOnly estimates of the risk of low-level radiation exist,2023/10/26,天然辐射与寿命损失,2023/10/26,照射量(Radiation exposure),一束X或射线穿过空气时与空气发生相互作用使空气电离而产生次级电子,这些次级电子继续使空气电离而产生带电粒子,最后全部损失了自身的能量。,dQ:在空气中所形成的一种符号的
5、离子总电荷的绝对值。,2023/10/26,照射量(Radiation exposure),Exposure(X,照射量)based on the ionizing effect in air of X-and g-radiation。Unit:rntgen(R,伦琴):1R=2.58 x 10-4 C/kgThe unit“Roentgen”(R)is a measurement of the specific ionization of air molecules by photons.It only applies to gamma or x-ray radiation in air.,
6、2023/10/26,Unit:J/kg;,gray(Gy,戈瑞)或 rad(拉德)1Gy=1J/kg=100rad,吸收剂量(Absorbed Dose),单位质量的物质所吸收的辐射的能量;辐射防护中最基本的量;适用于任何能量、任何种类的电离辐射及任何受照射物质,电离辐射授予某一体积元中物质的平均能量,焦尔(J),该体积元中物质的质量,千克(kg),2023/10/26,吸收剂量率(Absorbed Dose rate),吸收剂量对时间的导数:,dD:dt时间间隔内吸收剂量的增量;单位:Jkg-1 S-1(戈瑞/小时,Gy/h,拉德/小时,rad/h),2023/10/26,器官或组织的平均
7、吸收剂量,T:电离辐射授予某器官或组织的总能量(Total energy imparted in a tissue or organ)mT:器官或组织的质量(The mass of that tissue(from 10g,ovaries to 70 kg,the whole body);单位:戈瑞,Gy,或拉德,rad,2023/10/26,当量剂量(Equivalent Dose,HT.R),2023/10/26,当量剂量(Equivalent Dose,HT.R),辐射引起的某一生物效应的发生率,不仅与物质的吸收剂量有关,而且与辐射的种类和能量有关;全身照射条件下,当吸收剂量为1mGy时
8、,能量为4.5MeV的快中子诱发某种生物效应的概率比能量为250keV的X射线诱发同样生物效应的概率大10倍;,2023/10/26,当量剂量,根据放射生物学资料,根据外部辐射场的类型或体内沉积的放射性核素发射的辐射的类型和能量,确定一个辐射权重因子WR;器官或组织的当量剂量定义为WR与DT.R的乘积。,2023/10/26,当量剂量(Equivalent Dose,HT.R),DT.R:辐射R在器官或组织T中产生的平均吸收剂量(Absorbed dose averaged over the tissue or organ T,due to Radiation R);WR:辐射R的辐射权重因子
9、(Radiation weighting factor)Unit of HT.R:J/Kg,sievert(Sv,希沃特,与吸收剂量单位戈瑞区别)1J/kg=1Sv=100rem(雷姆),2023/10/26,当量剂量(Equivalent Dose,HT.R),如果辐射场为混合辐射场,如中子和辐射场,内照射的、和辐射场;这时的当量剂量为各辐射的当量剂量之和。,2023/10/26,辐射权重因子(Radiation weighting factors),2023/10/26,辐射权重因子(中子),2023/10/26,例 题,In 1 year,a worker received a g do
10、se of 0.02 Gy,a thermal neutron(Ns)dose of 0.002 Gy,and a fast neutron dose(Nf)of 0.001 Gy.What is his total equivalent dose?(Take wR for fast neutrons as 20.)Equivalent dose=absorbed dose x radiation weighting factorEquivalent dose,g=0.02 x 1=0.02 SvEquivalent dose,Ns=0.002 x 5=0.01 SvEquivalent do
11、se,Nf=0.001 x 20=0.02 SvTotal equivalent dose=0.05 Sv,2023/10/26,有效剂量 E(Effective dose),2023/10/26,有效剂量 E(Effective dose),人体是一个统一的生命体,一个器官受照,影响人的整体,多个器官同时受照,将带来更大危险;辐射所诱发的随机性效应发生的概率,不仅与当量剂量有关,而且与受照的组织和器官有关;不同的组织或器官在相同的均匀照射条件下,即使受到相同的当量剂量的照射,所诱发的随机性效应的发生率也不尽相同;,2023/10/26,有效剂量,为使单个器官或组织受照所致的随机性效应的发生率
12、与全身均匀照射所致的随机性效应联系起来,分别给各个器官或组织的当量剂量一个权重因子WT;所有组织的权重因子之和为1,2023/10/26,有效剂量 E(Effective dose),HT:组织或器官的当量剂量(Equivalent dose in tissue or organ T)WT:组织权重因子(Weighting factor for tissue T),有效剂量:人体所有组织的当量剂量的加权值,2023/10/26,组织权重因子,2023/10/26,待积当量剂量HT()(Committed equivalent dose),2023/10/26,9.1.4 待积当量剂量HT(),
13、放射性核素进入人体后对组织或器官的照射剂量,将随着放射性核素的衰变和时间的推移而逐步积累;针对单次摄入某种放射性核素对人体所产生的照射,采用待积剂量当量来描述;待积当量剂量是人体在单次摄入放射性物质之后,某一特定组织接受的当量剂量率在时间内的积分。,2023/10/26,待积当量剂量HT(),:50 years for adults,From intake to 70 years for children,Following an intake to the body of a radioactive material,there is a period during which the ma
14、terial gives rise to equivalent dose in the tissue of the body in varying rates.,2023/10/26,待积有效剂量E()Committed effective dose,2023/10/26,9.1.5 待积有效剂量E(),单次摄入放射性物质后,产生的待积组织或器官当量剂量乘以相应的组织权重因子WT,然后求和,即为待积有效剂量;待积有效剂量用于评价单次摄入某一活度的放射性核素对组织或器官所造成的危害;,积分时间的单位为年,2023/10/26,集体当量剂量 ST;Collective equivalent dos
15、e,2023/10/26,集体当量剂量 ST,集体当量剂量用来评价某一人群某指定的组织或器官所受到的总的照射情况;当评价某一辐射事件对特定人群所造成的危害以及进行辐射防护的最优化设计时,使用集体当量剂量。,2023/10/26,集体当量剂量,2023/10/26,集体有效剂量)S Collective effective dose,2023/10/26,9.1.7 集体有效剂量)S,集体有效剂量用来评价某一人群所受到的辐射照射:,2023/10/26,辐 射 量,2023/10/26,传能线密度LET Linear Energy Transfer,2023/10/26,传能线密度LET,传能线
16、密度:一个致电离粒子沿其径迹的电离密度的一种量度:A measure of the density of ionization along the tract of an ionizing radiation,2023/10/26,相对生物效应 Relative Biological effects of radiation,2023/10/26,9.1.8 相对生物效应,一种辐射对于另一种辐射的相对生物效应,是产生同样程度的某一规定的生物学终点所需要的这两种辐射的吸收剂量的反比值。,2023/10/26,相对生物效应,Particles with high energy loss effec
17、ts cause typically greater damage.The RBE for different kinds of radiation can be expressed in terms of energy loss effects LET.,2023/10/26,These high energies are sufficient to kill more cells than actually available!,Biological effects of radiation,2023/10/26,急性照射和慢性照射,2023/10/26,急性照射和慢性照射,短时间内受到大
18、剂量的照射为急性照射,急性照射可造成损伤或死亡;长时间内接受小剂量的照射为慢性照射,慢性照射可造成晚期癌症.Acute exposure is a large dose in a short period of time,acute exposure can result in injury or death);Chronic exposure is exposure to a small dose of radiation over a long period of time,chronic exposure can result in cancer later in life.,2023/
19、10/26,急性照射的生物效应,2023/10/26,Acute Radiation Syndrome,前期症状,厌食,恶心呕吐腹泻,无症状,潜伏期,发病期,厌食,恶心呕吐,腹泻 组织损伤,恢复或死亡,Time,Irradiation,2023/10/26,急性照射症状的严重程度和时间分布依赖于最大的吸收剂量;前期症状一般在6小时后发生;如果全身照射剂量超过50-100拉德,前期症状出现的更早,也更严重。The severity and the timescale for the acute radiation syndrome depends on the maximum delivered
20、 dose.The first symptoms show up after 6 hours.If the whole body exposure exceeds a critical threshold rate of 50-100 rad the symptoms show up more rapidly and drastically.,Acute Radiation Syndrome,2023/10/26,确定性效应Deterministic effects,2023/10/26,确定性效应Deterministic effects,如果在一个组织或器官中有足够多的细胞被杀死或不能繁殖
21、和发挥正常功能,则该器官将丧失其功能:这种效应称作确定性效应。If enough cells in an organ or tissue are killed or prevented from reproducing and functioning normally,there will be a loss of organ functiondeterministic effects,2023/10/26,Deterministic effects,确定性效应的发生有阈值;效应的严重程度随剂量的增加而增强;照射量与确定性效应之间有明确的因果关系。A certain minimum dose
22、must be exceeded before the effect occursThe severity of the effect increases as dose increaseThere is a clear causal relationship between exposure and occurrence,2023/10/26,随机效应Stochastic effects,由一个改变了的细胞可能引起的躯体或遗传效应,称作随机效应。The somatic and hereditary effects,which may start from a single modified
23、cell Stochastic effects,2023/10/26,9-2 放射防护概念The Conceptual Framework of Radiological Protection-Objective,ICRP publication 60,1990-11,2023/10/26,9.2.1 放射防护的目标,避免确定性效应的发生,采取有效措施减小随机效应的发生几率To prevent the occurrence of deterministic effects by keeping doses below the relevant thresholds,and to ensure
24、that all reasonable steps are taken to reduce the induction of stochastic effects,2023/10/26,放射防护原则,实践的正当性防护的最优化个人剂量限值Justification of a practiceOptimisation of protectionIndividual dose limits,2023/10/26,实践的正当性原则Justification of a practice,涉及照射的实践,除非对受照个人或社会带来的利益足以补偿其辐射危害时才可实施。No practice involving
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