开放骨胫腓骨折的二期处理.ppt
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1、开放性胫腓骨骨折的二期处理,唐坚上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 骨科上海市骨科内植物重点实验室,开放性骨折,定义骨折部位皮肤或粘膜破裂骨折与外界相通,流行病学,开放性骨折全部肢体骨折的3%21.3/100,000/年30%为多发伤胫骨最多见(24%),严重程度(III度)百分比,主要损伤机制,引言,上世纪:长骨开放性骨折 高死亡率WWI:股骨开放性骨折死亡率70%主流:早期截肢以挽救生命“closed treatment of war fractures”主流转向:开放伤口清创,石膏固定,Trueta(1939),引言,影响:大大降低开放性骨折感染率主流转向:延期闭合伤口在伤后47天,关闭
2、伤口合并广泛软组织缺损者,二期处理,1943,青霉素,Hampton(1955),Hampton OP Jr:Basic principles in management of open fractures;JAMA 1955;159:417-419,紧急处置,气道(Airway)呼吸与通气(Breathing)循环(Circulation)神经功能评价(Disability)充分暴露,避免遗漏隐匿损伤(Exposure),二期处理,只要病人“稳定”,马上开始!重复全身体格检查!,治疗方向转变,抢救生命,挽救肢体,Open tibial fractures with associated va
3、scular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,Hansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,保存功能,预防并发症,开
4、放性骨折二期处理原则,保护软组织,保护血供防止坏死防止感染,损伤控制,损伤控制 可以理解为双重含义既控制原发损伤造成的严重后果 出血和污染使之不再发展又控制手术本身带来的损伤,保存软组织的活力,为后续治疗创造条件,治疗目的,预防感染获得骨折愈合重建软组织覆盖早期活动、功能锻炼,Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,Hansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM
5、,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,治疗目的,预防感染获得骨折愈合重建软组织覆盖早期活动、功能锻炼,Open tibial fractures with associated vascular injuries:prognosis for limb salvage.Lange RH,Bach AW,H
6、ansen ST Jr,Johansen KH.J Trauma.1985 Mar;25(3):203-8.Ali AM,McMaster JM,Noyes D,Brent AJ,Cogswell LK.Experience of managing open fractures of the lower limb at a major trauma centre.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2015 May;97(4):287-90.,预防感染,重中之重!,预 防 感 染,预 防 感 染,院前评价:ABCDE,预 防 感 染,Oestern-Tscherne损伤分类*,注:*适用
7、于开放性和闭合性骨折,AO分类,注:IO:体被开放,Gustilo-Anderson分类,1976,以胫骨为模型,但可用于所有骨折1,025例开放骨折分类根据:伤口的大小,1984,改良,强调:软组织损伤程度污染程度,Gustilo-Anderson I 度,低能量损伤损伤方向:内外污染程度:清洁损伤程度:轻微骨折粉碎程度:简单骨膜剥脱:无至轻度,Gustilo-Anderson II度,低至中等能量损伤损伤方向:外内污染程度:中度损伤程度:中度,部分肌坏死骨折粉碎程度:简单至中度粉碎骨膜剥脱:中度,Gustilo-Anderson IIIa度,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏
8、死骨膜剥脱:广泛骨折粉碎程度:粉碎仍保留良好的软组织覆盖,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死骨膜剥脱:广泛骨折粉碎程度:粉碎仍保留良好的软组织覆盖,Gustilo-Anderson IIIa度,高能量损伤损伤方向:外内损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖骨膜剥脱:广泛,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,软组织缺损,外固定架临时固定,损伤程度:重度,广泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖,比目鱼肌瓣覆盖骨折部位,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,植皮覆盖创面,Gustilo-Anderson IIIb度,损伤程度:重度,广
9、泛肌坏死,骨折粉碎软组织缺损,需皮/肌瓣覆盖,高能量损伤截肢、感染风险增加III 型损伤+需要修复的主要血管损伤,Gustilo-Anderson IIIc度,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关软组织损伤程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gust
10、ilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,软组织损伤程度与感染发生率相关软组织损伤
11、程度与骨折愈合时间相关,Gustilo-Anderson分类的重要性,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.,预 防 感 染,前瞻性、双盲、随机对照研究感染率13.9%安慰剂组9.7%青霉素&链霉素治疗组2.3%1代头孢治疗组,预防性应用抗生素的重要性,Patzakis et al.1974,Patzakis et al.The Role of Antibiotics in the Manag
12、ement of Open Fractures.The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1974;56:532-541.,应用何种抗生素?,Gustilo et al.Current Concepts Review The Management of Open Fractures.Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.1990;72:299-304.Tsukayama DT,Gustilo RB.Antibiotic management of open fractures.In:Greene W,ed.AAOS Instruc
13、tional Course Lectures.Park Ridge:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,1990:487-490.Patzakis MJ,Bains RS,Lee J,Shepherd L,Singer G,Ressler R,Harvey F,Holtom P:Prospective,randomized,double-blind study comparing single antibiotic therapy,ciprofloxacin,to combo antibiotic therapy in open fracture
14、wounds.J Orthop Trauma.2000 Nov;14(8):529-33.Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in the management of open fractures.A critical analysis.J Bone Joint Surg.2006 Dec;88(12):2739-48.Olszewski D,Streubel PN,Stucken C,Ricci WM,Hoffmann MF,Jones CB,Sietsema DL,Tornetta P 3rd.The Fate of Patients with a Surpris
15、e Positive Culture After Nonunion Surgery.J Orthop Trauma.2015 Aug 8.,1104例,开放性骨折结果:伤后3小时内应用抗生素显著降低感染率感染率:4.7%伤后3小时内,应用抗生素7.4%伤后3小时,应用抗生素,预防性应用抗生素的时机,Patzakis et al.1989,Patzakis et al.Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds.Clin Orthop.1989;243:36-40.,1000多例开放性骨折结果:伤后3小时内应用抗生素显著降
16、低感染率感染率:4.7%伤后3小时内,应用抗生素7.4%伤后3小时,应用抗生素,预防性应用抗生素的时机,Patzakis et al.1989,Patzakis et al.Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds.Clin Orthop.1989;243:36-40.,尽早应用抗生素,目前尚无定论伤后应用抗生素 1天 VS.5天无显著性差异,抗生素用多长时间?,Dellinger et al.1988,Dellinger EP,Caplan ES,Weaver LD,Wertz MJ,Brumback R,Burge
17、ss A,Poka A,Benirschke SK,Lennard S,Lou MA.Duration of preventive antibiotic administration for open extremity fractures.Arch Surg.1988;123:333-9.,抗生素用多长时间?,目前推荐:2472 hr,预 防 感 染,1973 Robson感染界值:105个细菌/克组织损伤至达到界值时间:5.17 hr1995 Kindsfater et al:47例 G2/3 开放性骨折,感染率:7%,5小时内清创38%,5小时后清创,清创时限,Friedrich PL.
18、Die aseptische Versorgung frischer Wundern.Arch Klin Chir.1898;57:288-310.Robson MC,Duke WF,Krizek TJ.Rapid bacterial screening in the treatment of civilian wounds.J Surg Res.1973;14:426-30.Kindsfater K1,Jonassen EA.Osteomyelitis in grade II and III open tibia fractures with late debridement.J Ortho
19、p Trauma.1995 Apr;9(2):121-7.,6 hour rule,反方超过6小时也行,6 hour rule?OR NOT,1993 Bednar and Parikh.3.4%vs 9%;82例开放性股骨/胫骨骨折2004 Ashford et al.11%vs 17%;48例开放性骨折(澳大利亚)2004 Spencer et al.10.1%vs 10.9%;142例开放性骨折(英国)2003 Pollack et al.315例开放性骨折2005 Skaggs et al.554例儿童开放性骨折,Bednar DA,Parikh J.Effect of time de
20、lay from injury to primary management on the incidence of deep infection after open fractures of the lower extremities caused by blunt trauma in adults.J Orthop Trauma.1993;7:532-5.Ashford RU,Mehta JA,Cripps R.Delayed presentation is no barrier to satisfactory outcome in the management of open tibia
21、l fractures.Injury.2004;35:411-6.Spencer J,Smith A,Woods D.The effect of time delay on infection in open long-bone fractures:a 5-year prospective audit from a district general hospital.Ann R Coll Surg Engl.2004;86:108-12.Pollack AN,Castillo RC,Jones AL,Bosse MJ,MacKenzie EJ,and the LEAP Study Group.
22、Time to definitive treatment significantly influences incidence of infection after open high-energy lower-extremity trauma.Read at the Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association;2003 Oct 9-11;Salt Lake City,UT.Skaggs DL,Friend L,Alman B,Chambers HG,Schmitz M,Leake B,Kay RM,Flynn JM.“The Ef
23、fect of Surgical Delay on Acute Infection Following 554 Open Fractures in Children.”JBJS-A 2005.87:8-12,清创时限 6 hr VS.6 hr,No significant difference before or after 6 hours!,与清创时间相比,更重要的是:清创彻底与否软组织覆盖时间2005 Skaggs et al.若10pm后,留待上午清创,或24小时内清创除非合并.神经血管危象严重软组织污染骨筋膜室综合征,Okike K,Bhattacharyya T:Trends in
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