独立主格.ppt

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1、Grammar,独立主格,【独立主格结构的概念】,独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中做 的短语，用于修饰整个句子。其位置灵活，可位于句前、句中或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。作为逻辑主语；现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,状语,名词或代词,独立主格结构具有两个特点：1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独 立存在。2.独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。,独立主格结构有三种类型：1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去

2、分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语（不定式、现在分词、过去 分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,(一)非谓语动词独立主格结构 逻辑主语+非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词),1.“名词/代词+不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态，在句中常作，偶尔作。,e.g.His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.,e.g.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first

3、 class.如果没人叫醒我，我会错过第一节课的。,原因状语,条件状语,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1)作 状语：Everyone having sat down,the teacher began his class.每个人都坐好后，老师开始上课。(相当于时间状语从句:When everyone had sat down),(2)作 状语：The boy leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.由那个男孩带路，我们没有困难就走出了森林。(相

4、当于原因状语从句:Because the boy led the way),时间,原因,2.“名词/代词+现在分词”结构,(3)作 状语：My health allowing,I will work far into the night.我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）,(4)作 状语：We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。The students are walking in the school happily,each wear

5、ing a card in front of his chest.学生们快乐地在学校里走着，每个人胸前都带着一张卡。,条件,方式或伴随,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,(1)作 状语：The test finished,well have our summer vocation.考试结束以后，我们将开始暑假了。,(2)作 状语：Thousands of eyes fixed upon him,Nick felt on edge.上千只眼睛看着他，尼克感到紧张。,时间,原因,(3)作 状语：When in trouble,Sa

6、m would sit alone,head bend.萨姆遇到麻烦时，总是独自坐着，头低着。,3.“名词/代词+过去分词”结构,(4)作 状语：More time given,we can finish the work.如果给我们更多的时间，我们就能完成这项工作。,方式或伴随,条件,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,1.名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。,2.名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。,3.名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。,

7、Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。,The manager looks worried，many things to settle.经理看上去很着急,有这么多的事情要处理。（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。（事情已经处理好了，用动词-ed形式settled表示动作已经结束）,【

8、综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。（两个动作同时进行）The food cooked,the boy went to bed.饭做好了，小孩去睡了。（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）,【综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构】,1.Darkness _ in,the young people strolled on the streets.A.set B.setting C.has set D.was set2.A new technique _,the produc

9、tion increased by 20 percent.A.to have been worked outB.having worked out C.working out D.having been worked out3.There are various kinds of metals,each _ its own properties(特性).A.has B.had C.to have D.having,4._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.A.Time permits B.If time permitting C.Time per

10、mitting D.Times permitting5._,we all went home happily.A.Goodbye was said B.Goodbye had been said C.Goodbye said D.When goodbye said6.She stood there,_ from her cheeks.A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down C.with tears rolled down D.tears rolling down,1.逻辑主语+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）2.逻辑主语+(being)+表语(

11、名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语)3.with/without+复合宾语 宾语+宾语补足语（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,非谓语动词独立主格结构,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,无动词独立主格结构,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是“名词/代词+being+表语”结构中省略了being,主要有如下几种情况：,1.逻辑主语+名词 Many people come to visit the city,.很多人来参观这个城市，其中大多数是外国人。I received many Christmas gifts,.我收到了很多圣诞礼

12、物，其中一些是书籍。,2.逻辑主语+形容词 He turned to me,his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了being）The little girl entered the room,with cold.小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。,most of them foreigners,some of them books,her face red,3.逻辑主语+副词 School over,we all went home.放学了，我们都回家了。（school和over之间省去了being）,I cant focus my min

13、d on the work.音乐开着，我不能专心工作。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,4.逻辑主语+介词短语 He is standing in front of the blackboard,his back towards us.他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。,it is going to rain soon.天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,The music on,Dark clouds in the sky,注意:1.在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语+介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。The guard stood by the door,(a)gun in(his)

14、hand.警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。She came in,(a)smile on(her)face.她进来了，脸上带着笑。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,2.独立主格结构中的being在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：一是在“There being+名词”结构中；二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。There being no bus,we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,1._ no bus,we had to walk h

15、ome.A.There was B.There being C.Because there being D.There were2._,we all went swimming in high spirits.A.It being fine weather B.It fine weather C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather 3._,the hunter went into the forest.A.A gun on shoulder B.A gun was on his shoulder C.Gun on shoulder D.A

16、 gun being on shoulder 4.;we had to put the meeting off.A.Because the manager was ill B.The manager being ill C.The manager was ill D.Being ill,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,“介词with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现，即：,with/without,+,名词/代词,+,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现

17、在分词,过去分词,1.with/without+名词/代词+形容词，the old man felt unhappy.由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。,2.with/without+名词/代词+副词，she had to stay at home alone.因为她姐姐出去了，她只能独自待在家里。,3.with/without+名词/代词+介词短语 He stood at the door,.他站在门旁边，手里拿着一台电脑。The old man,with thick glasses on his nose,is a pianist.这位带深度眼镜的老人是一位钢琴家。,（三）“with

18、/without”引导的独立主格结构,With his son so disappointing,With her sister out,with a computer in his hand,此句中的with复合结构作什么成分？。,定语,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,4.with/without+名词/代词+不定式,the boy looked upset.没有任何游戏可玩，小男孩看起来很沮丧。,5.with/without+名词/代词+现在分词，I stole into the room.没有人注意，我偷偷地溜进了屋子。,6.with/without+名词/代词+过

19、去分词 With his homework done,Peter went out to play.作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。The boy was crying.玩具坏了，那男孩在哭。,Without any game to play,Without anyone noticing,with his toy broken,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,注意：在with/without 复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。,With his homework done,Peter went out to play.,Without any

20、 game to play,the boy looked upset.,His homework done,Peter went out to play.,（三）“with/without”引导的独立主格结构,1._ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.A.As B.For C.With D.Through 2.With a lot of work _,I have to sit up tonight.A.do B.doing C.done D.to do 3.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work he gladly accepted it.A.finished B.finishing C.having finished D.was finished,