经济社会学-04-理论模式一:社会网分析.ppt
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1、经济社会学的理论模式(1)社会网分析,社会网分析的由来与发展社会网分析在经济社会学中的应用几点评论,社会网分析的由来与发展(1),社会网分析的四个基本原则,Social network analysis is motivated by a structural intuition based on ties linking social actorsIt is grounded in systematic empirical dateIt draws heavily on graphic imagery,andIt relies on the use of mathematical and/o
2、r computational models Linton C.Freeman,The Development of Social Network Analysis,p.3,社会网分析的由来与发展(2),结构直观(Structural Intuition),界定,Some social research has consistently focused on the social relationships linking individuals rather than on the individuals themselves.The kind of research that examin
3、es the links among the objects of study is called structural,早期代表,Comte went on to show how the parts of the social system are interconnected:“Families become tribes and tribes become nations”.His view,then,is strikingly contemporary.He defined society using the kinds of structural terms that found
4、today in social network analysis.,Perhaps the most explicitly structural perspective adopted by any of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century social thinkers was displayed in the work of Georg Simmel.Simmel said,“society exists where a number of individuals enter into interaction.,社会网分析的由来与
5、发展(3),系统数据(Systematic Empirical Data),Pierre Huber:Swiss naturalist and made the systematic data on the social relations among the bees,L.H.Morgan:Lawyer/Anthropologist,Systematic data collection on the Iroquois system of naming kin and reckoning descent,J.A.Hobson:Economist,Developed an approach to
6、 uncovering links among organizations.So-called two-mode(board member by company)data,Elizabeth Hagman:Childrens interpersonal relationships studies Observation+Interviews=the ways to produce systematic data,社会网分析的由来与发展(4),图形(Graphic Imagery),摩尔根的世系图,霍布森的组织图,社会网分析的由来与发展(5),数学与计算模型(Mathematical and C
7、omputational models),社会网与计算 Unlike many other approaches to social research,network analysis has consistently drawn on various branches of mathematics both to clarify its concepts and to spell out their consequences in precise terms.P.25,早期运用的数学模式 代数algebraic.,早期的几位代表人物,麦克法兰,1851年生于加拿大,爱丁堡大学毕业并担任数学讲
8、师。企图运用定量模型来分析和推断家庭婚姻关系,加尔顿,1822年生于英国伯明翰,发明了最早的概率模型来分析社会网络。现在关于世系消失的概率模型被人们称作为“Beinayme-Galton-watson process”,社会网分析的由来与发展(6),社会测量人际学(Sociometry),Jacob Levy Moreno1891.Bucharest Sephardic Jew1917.Psychiatry University of Vienna奥地利时期:19171925 形成社会测量学的基本思路美国时期:1925 遇到Helen Jennings 设计并且实行在SING SING监 狱和
9、HUDSON女子学校的社 会测量学研究1934:形成SOCIOMETRY术语,社会网分析的由来与发展(7),社会测量人际学(Sociometry)Sociometry was based on an“experimental technique obtained by application of quantitative methodswhich inquire into the evolution and organization of groups and the position of individuals within them.Moremo:who will Survive?pp
10、.10-11,Sociogram of a football team一个足球队的社会测量示意图,社会网分析的由来与发展(8),社会测量人际学(Sociometry)拉扎斯费尔德的帮助与最初的数 量模 型 基线模型(Base-line Model)社会测量学的四个步骤 The first decisive step in the development of sociometry was the disclosure of the actual organization of the group.The second decisive step was the inclusion of sub
11、jective measures in determining this organization.The third decisive step was a method which gives to subjective terms the highest possible degree of objectivity,through the function of the auxiliary ego.The fourth decisive step was the consideration of the criterion(a need,a value,an aim,etc.)aroun
12、d which a particular structure develops.,Paul Lazarsfeld,Mathematical Sociology Professor of Columbia University,社会网分析的由来与发展(9),社会网分析的发展:19301970,1930:哈佛大学、“西屋电气实验”与派系研究1933:Warner在密西西比进行的黑人派系研究怀特及其街角社会,社会网分析的由来与发展(10),社会网分析的发展:193019701940:Iowa/MIT/MichiganLevi-strauss-Sobonne,1950:Chicago1960:Mich
13、igan/Chicago/Amsterdam/Syracuse,社会网分析的由来与发展(11),社会网分析的发展:19301970,哈里森怀特与社会网分析在哈佛大学的复兴 15岁进入MIT,1955年获得物理学博士学位 1960年在普林斯顿获得社会学博士学位 现任哥伦比亚大学社会学系教授,曾在芝加哥大学等教授社会分 层、数理社会学等课程 1963年回到哈佛大学,从事职 业链等的研究,并且教出一大 批从事社会网分析的学生 怀特研究的特点:四个基本要 素,即结构直观系统数据 图形数理和计算齐全 到1970年代末期,社会网分析 在社会科学家中得到普遍承认 以“市场从哪里来”一文,率 先向市场进军,社
14、会网分析 在经济社会学中的应用(1),关于市场结构:哈里森怀特的理论怀特对新古典经济学的市场理论的批判 Neoclassical microeconomics does not look directly at markets.Instead,decisions by typical actors(firms and consumers)are modeled.The theory is unable to specify analytically the boundaries of a market,or to discriminate a production market as such
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