市场营销学第七章价格决策.ppt
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1、1,价格决策,一、制定价格,二、修订价格,三、价格变动与对价格变动的反应,2,Mini-case:Sears,Searss pricing strategies have played a major role in the companys ups and downs over the course of ten decades.Sears originally became Americas largest retailer by offering quality merchandise at affordable prices.In the late 1960s,however,the
2、company decided to upgrade its merchandise and raise prices.when higher prices caused many loyal shoppers to switch to lower-priced competitors,Sears continued to lose customer to Wal-mart,Kmart,and other discounters.its market share slid 33 percent during the 1980s,and Americas largest retailer fou
3、nd itself in big trouble.In the spring of 1989,in what it called the biggest change in its 102-year history,Sears launched a bold new pricing strategy.Scrapping its decades-old weekly sales approach,it adopted a no-sales,everyday low-price strategy.Sears closed all of its 824 stores for 42 hours and
4、 retagged every piece of merchandise,slashing prices by as much as 50 percent.In its biggest ever advertising campaign,the huge retailer proclaimed,”we ve lowered our prices on over 50000 items!Sears:your moneys worth and a whole lot more.,3,Sears bet that its new everyday low-price strategy would p
5、ull consumers back into its stores and revive sagging profit.and at first,sales did surge under the new pricing policy,but the poly involved many risks,and after The initiate fanfare died down,Searss sales and profits began to decline once more.,To be successful with everyday low prices,Sears first
6、had to achieve everyday low cost.however,its cost traditionally had run much higher thanThose of its competitors.With its bloated cost structure,the price slashing left Sears with paper-thin margins,causing profits to fall.,Beyond cost problems,Sears faced the even tougher problem of trying to chang
7、e consumer perceptions of its prices and practices.for decades,Sears had conditioned customers to“hold out”for its traditional price-off sales.the rapid switch to a one-price policy and everyday low price positionConfused consumers.,4,Moreover,consumers who were being assaulted by everyday low-price
8、 claims from many retailers were no longer paying much attention to such claims.Worse yet,surveys showed that consumers simply did not believe Searss new Prices were the lowest in the marketplace.,By early 1990,after only ten months,Sears everyday low-price strategy appeared to be on the way out.The
9、 company began to phase in a new strategy that put less emphasis on price and more on“value”,returning to its traditional strengthsreliability,merchandise return,and“satisfaction guaranteed”policies.,In 1991,after decades as industry sales leader,Sears slid to number three behindNew market leader Wa
10、l-mart and number two Kmart.by 1994,despite deep cost cutting that resulted in improved profits,coupled with a exciting and creativenew“come see the softer side of sears”advertising campaign,the companys price positioning remained clouded for most consumers.,Thus,sears continues to search for the ri
11、ght pricing strategy.how well the huge Retailer handles its pricing and related problems will dramatically affect its salesand profitsperhaps even its survival.,5,一、制定价格,企业定价的六个步骤,6,选定订价目标,生存目标,最大当期利润,最高当期收入,最高销售成长,最大市场撇脂,产品质量优先,一个企业的订价目标越清楚,它制定价格越容易。,7,生存目标?,如果公司遇上生产力过剩或剧烈竞争或消费者需求迅速变化时,它要把为此生存作为它的主
12、要订价目标。,最大当期利润目标?,强调当前的财务经营状况,而忽视其长期效益。也不考虑其他营销组合因素、竞争对手的反应和对价格的法律限制,最大当期收入,许多经理认为:最高收入将会导致利润的最大化和市场份额的成长,8,最高销售成长?,一些公司认为销售额越高,单位成本就越低,长期利润就越高。因而需要把价格定的很低,这称为市场渗透订价,下列因素有利于制定低价:1、市场对价格非常敏感,低价可刺激市场份额进一步扩大;2、随着生产经验的积累,生产和分销成本将会降低;3、低价抑制了现实和潜在的竞争,选择订价目标,9,选择订价目标,最大市场撇脂目标?,在产品推出之时采用最高订价。需考虑以下条件:1、顾客的人数足
13、以构成当前的高需求;2、小批量生产的单位成本不至高到无法获利的程度;3、开始的高价未能吸引更多的竞争者;4、高价有助于树立优质产品的形象。,产品质量优先?,通过高质量与高价格的配合取得优势。,10,公司可能收取的每一种价格都将导致一个不同水平的需求以及由此对它的营销目标产生不同的效果。,1、需求曲线需求曲线的理论是微观经济学的基本理论,也是企业制定价格的,基本理论之一。,(二)、确定需求,11,确定需求,影响价格敏感性的因素,需求曲线显示的是市场对可能销售的各种价格的全面反应。它概括了具有各种价格敏感性的许多人的反应。,独特价值的影响,替代品的价格与知名度,难以比较的影响,支出比重,最终利益的
14、影响,分摊成本的影响,积累购买的影响,质量影响,存货的影响,12,确定需求,对需求量的非价格影响因素,消费者当前的偏好,收入,替代品价格的变化,13,需求的价格弹性,确定需求,价格的变动,对市场需求量会发生影响。但是,在同样的价格变动量的情况下,需求发生变动的大小或称为反应的敏感度是不同的。那么,一定量的价格变动,倒底会引起需求量有多大变动呢?,所谓需求的价格弹性是指价格变化的百分比与需求量变化的百分比的比值。用公式表示就是:式中,E需求价格弹性;Q需求变动量;Q=原有(变动前的)需求量;P=价格变动量;P=原有(变动前的)价格,14,l 当一个产品的需求富有弹性,订价时,低价比高价更为有利;
15、而变动价格时,降价比提价更为有利。因为降低价格失去的收入会因为销售量的大幅度提高得到补偿并有余。当需求缺乏弹性时,定价时高价比低价有利;变动价格时,提价比降价更为有利。因为高价或提价减少的销售量,会因为单位产品毛利的提高而得到补偿并有余,确定需求,E1时,就是需求富有弹性,在需求富有弹性时,价格有很小的改变,就会引起需求量很大的改变;E1,就是需求缺乏弹性,在缺乏弹性时,价格有很大的改变,才能引起需求量很小的改变。,15,确定需求,需求的价格弹性大小,主要由下列因素决定,1、产品的用途。用途越多,需求越有弹性;反之反是,2、替代品的数目及替代的相近程度。一种产品,其替代品越多,替代的相近程度越
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