实义动词和系动词.ppt
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1、实义动词和系动词,实义动词和系动词,实义动词与系动词是相对的。系动词亦称连系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。实义动词意思完全,能独立用作谓语。实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词(及物动词是指后面要求有直接宾语的动词;不及物动词指后面不需要跟宾语的动词)即行为动词,表示动作的动词。它分为及物动词和不及物动词两种。,实义动词,简介实义动词:及物动词(带宾语);不及物动词(不带宾语)。及物动词后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如:I bel
2、ieve that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。“How long can I keep the book?”Harry asked.哈里问:“这本书我可以借多久?”Dr.Bethune set us a good example.白求恩大夫给我们树立了好榜样。Crude oil contains many useful substances.原油含有许多有用的物质。,不及物动词本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如:Birds fly.鸟会飞。It
3、 happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。My watch stopped.我的表停了。She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening.她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:1)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书
4、馆管理员。(began作及物动词)When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的?(leave 作及物动词),They left last week.他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。Does this cloth wash well?这布经得起洗吗?4)与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一样,请注意下列两种情况:a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如arrive到达,a
5、gree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去),b)有的动词在英语里能用作及
6、物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如serve为服务。Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务,实义动词的用法,1及物动词要求有宾语MrSmith gave his wife twenty pounds for her birthday史密斯先生给了他的妻子20英镑过生日。He asked the teacher a few questions他向老师问了几个问题。We have friends all over the world.我们的朋友遍天下。Children and y
7、oung people like bright colors孩子和年轻人喜欢亮丽的颜色。2不及物动词不要求宾语 Most shops in Britain open at 9:00 Am.and close at 5:00 or 5:30 in the evening.英国大部分商店九点开门,晚五点或五点半关门。Georges father lives there乔治的爸爸住在那里。Lets go home我们回家吧。The examination ended at 11:30 Am考试上午十一点半结束。,3特殊实义动词英语动词很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词,如 close,begin,stu
8、dy,leave,work等。The post office closes at 9:00 p.m邮局晚上9点关门。Close the window,please请关窗。Shall we begin now?我们现在开始吗?Bill began working as a sailor after he left school比尔毕业后当水手。They left yesterday他们昨天离开的。When did you leave Washington?你什么时候离开华盛顿的?The students study hard.这些学生学习努力。The students study English
9、 and German这些学生学习英语和德语。He works in a supermarket.他在一家超市工作。He works the machine on Mondays.他星期一操作这台机器。,实义动词,也叫行为动词。就我们现在所学的内容来讲,实义动词所在的句子中一般不存在be动词。也就是在含有实义动词的句子变否定句或疑问句时,一定不能用be动词。那么,实义动词究竟怎样用呢?正如be动词随着主语的变化可变为am、is、are一样,实义动词在肯定句中,也要随着主语的变化而变化。当主语为第三人称单数he,she,it时,实义动词要变为相应的第三称单数;当主语为非第三人称单数I,you(你
10、),we,you(你们)they时,实义动词要用动词的原形。而在变否定句和疑问句时,不能直接在动词上变,而是要借助另一类动词:助动词do、does。,(1)肯定句:I have a blue book.He has a brother.She wants to be a teacher.They like to play basketball.,(2)否定句:主语+dont/doesnt+动词原形。其中do/does为助动词,是来帮助实义动词构成否定或疑问句的,但加了do/does后,其后面的动词必须用动词原形。I have a blue book.(变为否定句)I dont have a b
11、lue book.He has a brother.(变为否定句)He doesnt have She wants to be a teacher.(变为否定句)She doesnt want to be a teacher.They like to play basketball.(变为否定句)They dont like to play basketball.(3)一般疑问句:Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他?句中加了do/does后,其后面的动词还是必须用动词原形。I have a blue book.(变为一般疑问句)Do you have a blue book?He has a
12、 brother.(变为一般疑问句)Does he have a brother?,My brother does his homework before supper.(变为一般疑问句)Does your brother do his homework before supper?She wants to be a teacher.(变为一般疑问句)Does she want to be a teacher?They like to play basketball.(变为一般疑问句)Do they like to play basketball?,(4)特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?Y
13、our sister likes English best because its interesting.(对划线部分提问)Why does your sister like English best?He does his homework before supper.(对划线部分提问)When does he do his homework?注意:当含有and引导的短语在句中做谓语或宾语,我们把这类句子变否定句时,必须把and变为or.如:(1)He can swim and dance.(变为否定句)He cant swim or dance.(2)My father likes En
14、glish and math.(变为否定句)My father doesnt like English or math,系动词,系动词,亦称连系动词(Link Verb)。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。,系动词的定义,例如:He feel ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(feel是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,关于连系动词后接不定式 连系动词 be 后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语:1).My dream is to
15、be a scientist.我的梦想是当一名科学家。2).All you have to do is to listen.你只需要听。seem,appear,prove,turn out,grow 等连系动词后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短语作表语:1).The man seemed to be ill.这个人好像病了。2).The plan proved to be useful.这个计划证明是有用的。3).He appears to know this.他好像知道这一点。4).The weather turned out to be fine.天气结果很好。5).He has gr
16、own to like studying English.他渐渐喜欢学英语了。若所接不定式为to be,通常可以省略be。,sound,smell,feel,taste,become 等连系动词后通常不能接不定式:误:These oranges taste to be good.(应去掉 to be)误:The roses smell to be nice.(应去掉 to be)连系动词look后有时也可接to be,但以省略to be为多。,1)状态系动词用来表示主语性质或状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(表示主语的身份性质)He is ill.他病了
17、。(表示主语的状态)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:He looks tired.他看起来很累。He seems(to be)very sad.他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:,分类,This
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