基础英语-unit-12英语构词法.ppt

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1、英语构词法,英语构词法主要有三种：合成、派生与转化。,英语构词法种类,另外缩写和简写也是构词法的一种。,.合成:有两个或更多的词合成一个词。1）复合名词class+room=classroom(名词+名词)black+board=blackboard(形容词+名词)2）复合形容词,warm+heart+ed=warmhearted 热心肠的good+looking=good-looking 相貌好看的world+wide=worldwide世界性的hard+working=hard-working 努力工作的,3）复合动词 over+come=overcome克服(副词+动词)4）复合数词 f

2、ifty+four=fifty-four5）复合代词 everyone,somebody,anything,nobody(不定代词+名词),6）复合副词 down+stairs=downstairs在楼下(形容词+名词)whole+heartedly=wholeheartedly 全神贯注地(副词+副词),2.转化:是指有一种词类转化为另一种词类。单词转化后的意义往往与之前的意义联系密切.,water n.水-water vt.浇水,常见的转化形式两种：动词-名词名词-动词形容词-动词,动词-名词 stop v.停止-n.车站love v.爱-n.爱watch v.观看-n.手表look v.

3、看-have a look n.看 walk v.散步,走-take a walk n.散步love v.爱-your love n.爱,名词-动词 hand n.手-vt.上交seat n.座位-vt.坐nurse n.护士-vt.护理oil n.油-vt.上油time n.时间-vt.定时，测时show n.展览,展示vt.表演,演出,形容词-动词 slow(adj.慢的)-slow(v.放慢)open(adj.开着的)open(v.开),3.派生:是通过在词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。,happy-unhappydevelop-development,前缀一般只引起意思上的变化而不造

4、成词类的变化，只有少数能引起词类的变化。,mis-错误的+understand v.理解-misunderstand v.误解,en+large adj.大的-enlarge v.扩大,后缀一般只引起词性上的变化而不造成意思的变化。,care v.照料-careful adj.细心的work v.工作-worker n.工人,常见的前缀,(A)表示否定的前缀：un-unfair,unhappy non-nonsmoker(常用在n.adj.adv.前)in-inactive(常用在adj.后)dis-disagree,disappear im-impolite,impossible(用在b,p

5、,m 开头的词前),(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:mis-misunderstand,misdirect(误导),(C)表示两个,双边的前缀：bi-bicolor(双色的),bicycle表示相互,交互,在一起的前缀interinterview,international,internet(E)表示又,再,重新的前缀 rereview,return,rewrite(F)表示远的前缀tele telephone,television,常见的后缀,1.动词变名词：-tion education,invitation,prediction-ment development,movement,disa

6、ppointment,-er teacher,worker,runner,singer-or visitor,sailor,tutor,actor,名词后缀补充:-ist(人,名词后缀)scientist,terrorist-ese(民族,语言,名词后缀)Chinese,Japanese,2.形容词变名词-ness happiness,meanness,carelessness-ity ability,possibility,3.名词变形容词：-y windy,rainy,healthy,funny,cloudy-ish foolish,feverish-some handsome,troub

7、lesome-ous dangerous,humorous-ful helpful,careful,peaceful,colorful-less homeless,helpless,careless,4.动词变形容词-al traditional,international,natural,-ed surprised,balanced,talented-ing interesting,outstanding,5.名词、形容词变动词：-ify beautify,simplify-ize realize-en quicken,widen,sharpen,.缩写和简写:缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩

8、短法)主要采取:“截头”,“去尾”或者“既截头又去尾”的方法生成新词.,telephone-phone airplaneplanelaboratory-lab mathematics-math advertisementad examination-exam,另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成.CD(compact disk)CCTV(China Central Television)NBA(National Basketball Association)UFO(unidentified flying object)UN(United Nations)ID(identification)USA(United States of America),