四级语法辅导主谓一致、倒装周慧霞.ppt

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1、主谓一致,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些疾病的名称带有-s词尾，通常作单数用The measles（or mumps，rickets，smallpox，shingles）is a disease very common in this village表示游戏名称的名词通常作单数用Billiards（or Bowls，Dominos，Draughts）is my favorite game但：Cards are not interesting to me,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些学科的名称，虽以-s结尾，却都作单数；但若这类名词表示学科以外的其它意义，便可以做复数用

2、。My mathematics are poorThe economics of this country are stableSuch politics are foolishSuch tactics are ridiculous,以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题,某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，尽管带有复数词尾，但系一政治实体，做单数用；但如不是国名，而是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称，通常作复数用。,集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题,有些有生命的集体名词，如cattle,police，people，youth,mankind,folk等做主语时，谓动常用复数。无生命的词，如fol

3、iage(叶子），machinery(机械），merchandise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。还有一些集体名词如：audience,class,crew,committee,family,team,group,army,police等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。如果主语是由“a committee of”等+复数名词，随后的动词常用单数。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,1.由and/bothand连接的并列结构作主语时，谓动一般用复数。如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。,The singer and writer

4、 is famous to everyone.A pen and book is what I need.A needle(针）and thread(线）was found on the floor.,Other Examples,War and peace 战争与和平 ham and eggs火腿蛋 egg and rice 蛋炒饭 law and order 治安bread and butter奶油面包 folk and knife wheel and axle 轮轴 needle and thread一套针线love and hate loveandaffection感情 acupand

5、saucer一套碟子茶杯 aimandend目的 truthandhonesty真诚 capacityandefficiency效能 ignoranceandnegligence玩忽无知 trialanderror试验摸索 timeandtide岁月 ironandsteel钢铁 thewearandtear磨损；消耗,2.当eachand each,everyand every,noand no,many aand many a.等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.

6、在月球上没有发现人和动物。Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,3.由not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,or等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据就近原则。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,4.当主语后面跟有由as much as,rather than,more than,no less than等引导的从属结构时，随后的动词形式依据主语本身的单、复数形式而定。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,5.当主语由 as well

7、 as,along with,together with,rather than,no less than,but,except,in addition to,like,including,besides等词连接时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些词语前的名词来决定。,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题,An iron and steel works,with some satellite factories,is to be built here.The professor,together with many of his students,is entering

8、the meeting hall.,6.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。Ancient(古代）and modern history are the subjects we are studying.但如果表示的是同一概念时，谓动应用单数The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A.isB.was C.are D.were答案B.,以并列结构作主语的主谓一致

9、问题,不定代词做主语时的主谓一致,1.不定代词 each,another,the other,either,neither 和由some,any,no,every+one/thing/body 所构成的复合代词做主语时，谓动用单数形式。,Neither of us has gone through regular training.Nobody wants to go there.Something has been done to end the strike.,2.none of+不可数名词谓语动词用单数形式；none of+可数名词谓语动词单复均可，none 单独用，代表不可数名词，用单

10、数；代表复数时，可单可复。,3.all 做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。,All is well that ends well.All are eager to reach an agreement.,表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致（补充）,1.当主语是 most,the rest,the last,the remainder 等时，谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。,Three of us will go,the rest are to stay here.After the big fire,the remainder is nothing.,2.当t

11、own,school,village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或the whole修饰。,The whole school were/was sorry when she left.The whole town is/are in agreement about the plan.,“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致,“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念或个别人、事，则用单数。,The sick here are very well cared for.The true is to b

12、e told from the false.,the number of做主语时，谓动用单数；a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。,The number of mistakes is surprising.A number of books are missing from the library.,补充,1.肯定+否定+V.(如果主语是由肯定与否定组合时，动词 与肯定主语一致。)e.g.It is I,not you,who am wrong.=It is I who am wrong,not you.2.地点副词（短语）+V.+主语（此为倒装句型）e.g.Among the gue

13、sts was standing John.=John was standing among the guests.,1.以who,why,how,whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数。,Why she did this is not known.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,2.and连接的两个名词性从句做主语，如表示两件事情，则谓动用复数。,What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,3.在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构

14、中，主句的谓动要以表语名词的单复数而定。What caused the accident is a complete mystery.What his father left him are a few English books.4.在what从句所引导的”主系表“结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓动应用复数。What I say and think are none of your business.,名词性分句作主语时的主谓一致,5.如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what-分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也可用复数。6.由how and why,when a

15、nd where引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。When and where we will have the meeting has not been decided.,非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题,1.动词不定式、-ing分词形式做主语，谓动用单数。To learn English well is difficult.2.以两个由 and连接的并列非限定分句做主语，如表示两件事情，谓动用复数；如果指的是一件事，动词用单数。Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignment

16、s for the students during the holiday.,定语从句中的主谓一致问题,定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数形式通常依照先行词的形式而定。先行词+which+V.(动词与先行词一致)thate.g.I,who am your friend,should help you.e.g.I will employ a boy who understands English.,“one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致,1.在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，定语从句中的谓动常依照语法一致原则用复数。,This is one of the rooms that

17、 were damaged in the fire.,2.在”the only one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。,Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who is studying the major of International Law in this university.,分裂句中的主谓一致,在分裂句“It is+主语+that+V.(此为强调句句型)”，动词与主语一致。It is Jim who is going to do it是吉姆去做这项工作。It is I who am to blame应受

18、责备的是我。但在非正式语体中，此分裂句中心成分可用宾格代词me，这时，随后的 that一分句动词通常用第三人称单数。例如：It is me that is to blame It is me that was injured in the accident在事故中受伤的是我。,存在句中的主谓一致,在here,there 引导的存在句中，谓语动词与其后面的实义主语一致。一般说来，实义主语是单数，动词也用单数，实义主语是复数，动词也是用复数。There is a big lake in the centre of the city城市的中心有一个大湖。There are three rooms l

19、eft还剩三间房。当用作实义主语的名词词组是个并列结构时，采用就近原则决定谓语动词的形式。There is a pen,two pencils and some books on the desk.There are two pens,a pencil and some books on the desk.,注意,1）more than one+单数N.+单形V.2)more+复数N.than one+复形V.3）more than two(three,)+复数N.+复形V e.g.More than one student is punished.More students than one

20、 are punished.More than two white roses have bloomed.,注意,1）“a/an+单名+or two”大多接单数谓语：“one or two+复名”接复数谓语。Only a word or two is(are)needed.只需说一两句。One or two reasons were suggested.提出一两条理由。2）“a/an+单名+and a half”常接单数谓语；“one and a half+复名”也是多接单数谓语。A year and a half has passed.一年半已过去了。One and a half banan

21、as is left on the table.桌子上还有一个半香蕉。(英语辅导报高教版2003-2004学年度第9期,第5面),1.All the Presidents Men_one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal.(2007 TEM4-52)A.remain B.remains C.remained D.is remaining 2.The research requires more money than_.(2007 TEM4-61)A.have been put in B.h

22、as been put in C.being put in D.to be put in 3.The statistics_that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.(2006 TEM4-62)A.proves B.is proving C.are proving D.prove,B B D,4.Mr.Wells,together with all the members of his family,_for Europe this afternoon.(2004-61)A.are t

23、o leave B.are leaving C.is leaving D.leave5.It is futile to discuss the matter further,because _ going to agree upon anything today.(2003-60)A.neither you nor I are B.neither you nor me is C.neither you nor I am D.neither me nor you are6.of the twins was arrested,because I saw both at a party last n

24、ight.(2002-42)A.None B.Both C.Neither D.All7.Even as a girl,_to be her life,and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.(2001-42)A.performing by Melissa wereB.it was known that Melissas performances wereC.knowing that Melissas performances wereD.Melissa knew that performing was,C C C D,倒装,一.全部

25、倒装,1.在there,here 引导的句子中，谓语是be,exist 等表示状态的不及物动词。如：Here are coats for young people 这有年轻人穿的大衣。2 在副词now then thus引导的句子里，谓语是come,follow,begin,end等。a.There is a dictionary on the desk.桌上有本字典。b.Here comes the bus!公共汽车来了!,全部倒装,Note:如主语为人称代词,不用倒装结构。例如:a.Here she comes.她来了。b.Here it is.在这儿（或这就是）。,1.Then _ th

26、e Civil War.A.did follow B.followed C.does follow D.following 2.There _ at the top of the hill.A.stands a weather station B.a weather station standsC.does a weather station stand D.is a weather station stand,全部倒装,3.用于某些表示地点的介词词组作句首状语的句子，谓语是come,be,stand,sit,lie等动词的句子里。In this chapter will be found a

27、 partial answer.From the valley came a tinkling sound,a soothing moo,the lull of alien voices.On the other side of the road was standing Lily,全部倒装,4.用于以表示处所,声音等义的副词开头的句子(out,in,up,down,away)。用表示运动的不及物动词（如go,come,rush,fly 等）作谓语时，为了表达生动，可将某些副词放在句首，谓语动词放在主语之前，形成倒装结构。例如：a.Away flew the pigeons.鸽子飞了。b.Ba

28、ng went the firecracker.鞭炮砰的一声响了。c.The door burst open and in rushed the crowd.,全部倒装,Note:如果主语是人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置则不变，只将副词放在句首。如：Out he rushed.他冲了出去。,3.Round and round _.flew the planeB.the plane flew C.did the plane flyD.was the plane flying4.Up _.his ball went B.went it C.did he go D.he came,全部倒装,在不带i

29、f的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如：Were I in your position,I would ask him about the matter 我要是处于你那样的位置，我就要问问他这件事。,部分倒装,是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do,does或did，并将其置于主语之前。,部分倒装,1.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。常见的词和短语有：hardly,little,never,not until,rarely,seldom,in no way,at no time,in no c

30、ase,by no means,hardly(scarcely/barely)when,no sooner than等,5.Not a single word_ at the meeting so far.A.did she say B.said she C.has she saidD.she has said6.Seldom _ any mistakes during my past few years of working here.A.would I make B.did I makeC.I did make D.shall I make,部分倒装,2.句首状语若由“only+副词”、“

31、only+介词词组”、“only+状语分词”构成，也可引起局部倒装。Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.Only by working hard can we succeed.,注意：Only 如不在句首，或only 修饰的不是状语，则不

32、倒装。如：The contract was signed only after bitter negotiations.只有在艰苦的谈判以后，合同才得以签署。（改成倒装：Only after bitter negotiations was the contract signed.）Only the senior staff are allowed to use this room.只许资深的职员使用这个房间。Only five passengers survived the accident.事故中只有五位旅客生存了下来。,7.Only by practising a few hours ev

33、ery day _ be able to use it.A.you can B.can you C.you will D.will you8.Only when he saw it,_ believe what I said.A.he did B.he will C.did he D.he would9.Only in this way _ the problems.A.you can solve B.can you solveC.you solve D.did you solve,3.not onlybut also,当not onlybut also句式的not only部分置于句首时，前

34、一个分句中的主谓要采用部分倒装，第二个分句则不倒装。_ snacks and drinks but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest.A.Not only they broughtB.Not only did they bringC.Not only brought they D.Not only they did bring(答案为B),4.notuntil,当notuntil句式转换成not until且置于句首时，其后的主句部分习惯上要用倒装语序(与一般疑问句形式相

35、同)。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19世纪初，人们才知道热是何物。在复合句中，只有主句用倒装，until引导的从句不倒装。如：Not until he loses his health will he give up drinking.他直到失去健康才会戒酒。,10.Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A.didnt I realize B.did I realizeC.I didn t realize

36、 D.I realized11._ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report.A.He hardly had B.Had he hardly C.Hardly had he D.Hardly did he12.By no means(一点也不)_ succeed in getting the first place.A.they can B.can they C.they could D.have they,5.用于以副词so,neither,nor 开头,表示“某人也这样”一类概念的句子。1)so

37、用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容词，名词或动词,通常指前面所说的肯定情况也适用于其他人(或物)，结构为:So+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词+主语.例如:I can speak English.So can my brother.我会说英语。我弟弟也会。,Production is going up,and so is the peoples standard of living.生产不断发展，人们的生活水平也一样。Society has changed and so have the people in it.社会变了，社会上的人也变了。Coal is under the ground

38、,and so is oil.煤在地底下，石油也是。He saw it,and so did I.他看见了，我也看见了。,Note:如果不是表示情况的适合，而是表示对前面的句子内容的同意或肯定，则不能用倒装句。例如：He is a good teacher,so he is.他是个好老师，他的确是。,部分倒装,2)neither,nor用于否定句，通常指前面所说的否定情况，也适用于其他人（或物），结构为：Neither(nor)+be,do,have其他助动词或情态动词+主语。例如：You cant do it,neither/nor can I.你不能做这件事，我也不能。,e.g.I hav

39、ent been to New Work before and neither has my sister.“Did you see that?”“No”“Neither did I”.,Nor 用于否定句中，承接前面的语气进行进一步否定。但是注意，这里的否定的事情一般和前边的并不一致，这一点和neither 的用法是不同的。e.g.He cannot see,nor could he hear until one month ago.She isnt rich,nor do I imagine that she ever will be.I wont arrive today.Nor tom

40、orrow.,Note:,nor 是连词，neither 既是连词又是副词I cant answer,but neither can I.考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是neither的副词用法。,C A,1.The message is clear:Just as tea and banana cant go together,_ should the son of a low-class family expect to marry the daughter of a nobleman.A.eitherB.notC.neitherD.nor2.We dont need a

41、ir conditioning,_.A)nor can we afford it B)and nor we can afford it C)neither can afford it D)and we can neither afford,13.My brother had a bad cold last week,and so_.A.did I B.had I C.was I D.I did10.“Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?”“I didnt know,_.”A.nor dont I care B.nor do I careC.I

42、dont care neither D.I dont care also14.He is a good student,and works very hard,_.A.so it is with her B.so does sheC.so is he D.neither does she,6.So/Suchthat的倒装形式在 So(such)that结构中，如果so或such在句首，通常也会用倒装结构。例如:a.So busy was I that I had no time to have lunch.我太忙了，没时间吃午饭。b.Such(=so hot)was the weather t

43、hat I could not go out.天太热了，我没法出门。c.So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.d.To such an extent did the temperature rise that the fireman had to leave the burning house.,15._ that he couldnt speak.So angry he wasB.So angry was heC.Such angry was heD.So was he angry

44、16.Such _.was that he saidB.was what he saidC.were what he saidD.is what he said,7.用于以were,had,should等词开头的虚拟条件句（即省略了if的虚拟条件句）例如：a.Had I known it earlier,I would not have made the mistake.假如我早知道这件事，我就不会出错了。b.Were she here,we would be able to get some good advice.要是她在这儿，我们就能得到些好建议。c.Should you go to S

45、hanghai with me,let me know.如果你要和我去上海，就告诉我。,17._ it rain tomorrow,we would have to put off visiting Beijing.A.Were B.Should C.Would D.Will18._hard at college,you would have got a better job.A.If you worked B.Did you workC.Had you workedD.You had worked,8.在某些表达祝愿的句子里用倒装，例如：a.May you succeed!祝你成功！b.So

46、 be it!但愿如此！,9.英语中有的让步状语从句可用as,though等引起的倒装结构表示，其结构为:“形容词（副词，动词，分词)+as(though)+主语+谓语”。a.Young though she is,she is courageous.她虽然年纪小，但却很勇敢。b.Much as I like playing football,I like swimming better.我虽然很喜欢踢足球，但我更喜欢游泳。Child as/though he is,he knows a lot.倒装部分为可数名词单数时，不加冠词“a”但如果 这个名词 前面有形容词 修饰时,则要加冠词A little child as he is,he knows a lot.,19._,he wont stop to have a rest.A.As he is tired B.Tired as he is C.Tired although he is D.However he is tired 20._,mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A.However late is he B.However late he is C.However is he late D.Late however he is,