商业银行资本管理 (2).ppt
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1、商业银行资本管理,Main Contents,What Is the Function of Bank Capital?How Much Capital Is Adequate?The Effect of Capital Requirements on Bank Operating Policies资本充足率管理办法新资本协议问答 银监会关于新资本协议的意见,The function of bank capital,Reduce bank risk.Three basic ways:A cushion to absorb losses and remain solventIncreases t
2、he proportion of allowable problem assets that can default before equity is depleted.吸收非预期损失A ready access to financial markets and thus guards against liquidity problemsConstrains growth and limits risk taking,Impact of loan loss on capital,Balance Sheet of Big Four:2002/12/31,US banks:Capital/Asse
3、ts(%),Impact of loan loss on capital:1%,Impact of loan loss on capital:6.7%,Impact of loan loss on capital:10%,Impact of loan loss on capital:10%,Ready access to financial markets,Adequate bank capital minimizes operating problems by providing ready access to financial markets.As long as a banks cap
4、ital exceeds the regulatory minimums,it can stay open and has the potential to generate earnings to cover losses and expand.Failures are tied directly to market values,not accounting values.When regulators guarantee bank debt,capital is meaningless.Capital serves the same purpose as federal guarante
5、es when regulatory assistance is not openly provided.,Constrains growth and reduces risk,Equity is expensiveExpected asset returns must be high to justify the financing.Capital providers will exert market discipline over banks.Rigid capital requirementsConstrain growthReduce risks,How much capital i
6、s adequate?,银行和监管当局的技术难题如何决定足够防御非预期损失所需的资本量?如果资本水平太低银行可能不能够吸收大额的损失,增加了银行倒闭的风险,其后果是存款人承担风险。如果资本水平太高银行也许不能够最有效地使用资源,限制了其发放贷款的能力。,How much capital is adequate?,Reasons for less equityWith fewer fixed costs,operating risk is lower.Deposit insurance and other policy:cash flowReasons for more equityMarket
7、 value of bank assets is more volatileSources of funds are more volatile,How much capital is adequate?,Regulators prefer more capitalSafety of banksViability of the insurance fundStability of financial marketsBankers prefer less capitalLeverage improves profitabilityHow about depositors?Not too much
8、,not too littleAdequate,Capital v.s.risks,How much capital is adequate depends on how much risk the bank assumes.Quality of assetsAccess to liquid fundsMatches in asset and liability maturities and durationsOperational riskCAMELS,Risk-based requirements:weaknesses,Account for limited risksBook value
9、 of capital ignoreschanges in the market value of assetsthe value of unrealized gains or losses on held-to-maturity bank investmentsthe value of a bank charterthe value of federal deposit insuranceaccounting ploysBy 2001,93%of all banks are well-capitalized.They have few risk-based incentives to con
10、trol risk.,Capital&bank operating policy,The Effect of Capital Requirements on Bank Operating PoliciesLimiting Asset GrowthChanging the Capital MixChanging Asset CompositionPricing PoliciesShrinking the Bank,Limiting asset growth,Asset growth is limited to some percentage of retained earnings plus n
11、ew external capital.Option I:increase capitalHigher returns:riskier assets or more servicesDecrease dividendsIssue new capitalOption II:not to grow,Changing the capital mix,Large banksPublic offeringsConvertible bondsSmall banksExisting shareholdersBank customersUpstream correspondent banksHolding c
12、ompany.Sale and leaseback:real estate properties,Changing asset composition,Risk-averse managers:From high-risk categories to lower risk categories.Consequence:Potential profitability declines.Risk-love managers:Shifts to higher risk categories,Pricing policies,The riskier the investments,the more e
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