不定式与动名词.ppt
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1、Infinitive&Gerund,Section I不定式,Step I 读下面一篇短文,找出并比较不定式的用法,At a village fair,I decided to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky.I went into her tent and she told me to sit down.After I had given her some money,she looked into a crystal ball and said:A relation of yours is coming to see you.Sh
2、e will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days.The moment you leave this tent,you will get a big surprise.A woman you know well will rush towards you.She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place.That is all.,Q1.How many infinitives are used in the story?,
3、Q2.Whats the function of the following infinitives?,宾语,宾补,状语,宾语,Q3.What s the structure of the infinitive?How many functions does it have?,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,StepII 不定式的结构与句法功能,Its so nice to hear your voice.,I like to keep everything tidy.,His dream is to be a doctor.,H
4、e made some candles to give light.,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,1)We all believe him to be guilty.2)The book is believed to be uninteresting.,宾补,主补,eg.Its easy(for me)_(do)that.Its so nice _(hear)your voice Its necessary for you _(lock)the car when you do not use it.,1.在以 easy,difficult,
5、hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等客观形式的形容词作表语的it is to句型时,主语往往是不定式。,eg.It was silly of us _(believe)him.It seemed selfish of him not _(give)them anything.,2.在以 kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoug
6、htful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)等主观感情的形容词作表语的it is to句型时,主语往往是不定式。,不定式的句法功能:作主语,Its for sb.和 Its of sb.for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形
7、容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法:句型是否成立的验证方法:用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。),当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,能否再用It is to的句型?判断正误:To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。It is to b
8、elieve to see.,eg.I have a lot of work_(do).So he made some candles _(give)light.,eg.My work is _(clean)the room every day.His dream is _(be)a doctor.,不定式做定语时,表示具体的或一次性或将发生的动作,通常要放在被修饰的词后。,不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。,不定式的句法功能:作定语,不定式的句法功能:作表语,eg.The driver failed _(see)the other car in time.I happen _(know)t
9、he answer to your question.,eg.I like _(keep)everything tidy.I like you _(keep)everything tidy.I want _(speak)to Tom.I want you _(speak)to Tom.,不定式的句法功能:作宾语,eg.Please show us how _(do)that.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which _(buy).The question is how_
10、(put)it into practice.,“动词+不定式”,英语中适用于这种结构的动词有:afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish,undertake,“动词+不定
11、式”/“动词+宾语+不定式”,英语中适用于这种结构的动词有:ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help,intend,like,love,need,prefer,prepare,promise,want,wish等,“动词+疑问词+to”,英语中适用于这种结构的动词有:decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时,谓语动词用单数。,目的状语。不定式常用于由下面这些词引出的结构中:to only
12、to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)as to(如此以便),eg.He ran so fast as_(catch)the first bus.I come here only _(say)good-bye to you.,不定式的句法功能:作状语,eg.What I have said is_(make)you angry.He searched the room only _(find)nothing.,eg.Im glad _(see)you.,作结果状语,表示事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。,表原因,“动词+宾语+不定式(to do)”。英语中
13、适用于这种结构的动词有:advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagineimpelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state suppose tell think traintrust understandurge
14、 warn,eg.Father will not allow us _(play)on the street.We all believe him _(be)guilty.,不定式的句法功能:作宾补,eg.We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。,不定式的句法功能:作主补,“to+be 的不定式结构”,作补语的动词。英语中适用于这种结构的动词有:believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel find,guess
15、,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understand,eg.The book is believed _(be)uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。,“to be+形容词”,英语中适用于这种结构的动词有:seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean,Step III 不定式的用法特征,eg.1.I saw him _
16、(dance).2.The boss made them _(work)the whole night.,省略to的动词不定式,=He was seen to dance.,=They were made to work the whole night.,dance,work,eg.3.-I usually go there by train.-Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 4.Paul doesnt have to be made _.He al
17、ways works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning,D,B,用于使役动词 let,have,make后作宾补时,省略to。感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补,省略to。注意:当上述动词用于被动语态中则to 不能省掉。would rather,had better;Why/why not;but和except:but前是动词do时,后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。比较:He wants to do nothing bu
18、t go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.由and,or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:eg.He wants to move to France and marry the girl.,不定式的否定形式,eg.1)Tell him _ the window.A.to shut not B.not to shutC.to not shut D.not shut2)She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeing C.to
19、not see D.having not seen 3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never driver C.never driving D.never drive4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him _.A.not toB.not to doC.not do it D.do not to 5)The patient was warned _ oily food afte
20、r the operation.A.to eat no B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating,答案:B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.,答案:A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。,答案:A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.,答案:A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名
21、词、代词等,否则不对,因此B,D不对。,答案:C。warn一词要求后用不定式,此处为不定式的被动,否定形式为be warned not to do。,不定式特殊句型 Why not,Why not+动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不?干吗不?例如:eg.Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?,不定式特殊句型 tooto,1)tooto 太以至于eg.He is too excited to speak.他太激动了,说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you t
22、o carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为“不太”。eg.Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too 前面有only,all,but时,意思是:非常 等于very。eg.Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。,不定式特殊句型 so as
23、to/in order to,1)表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do/in order not to。eg.Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to-劳驾eg.Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾,现在几点了。,Fill in the blanks with for o
24、r of:1)Its easy _ me to do that.2)Its necessary _ you to lock the car when you do not use it.3)It was silly _ us to believe him.4)It seemed selfish _ him not to give them anything.5)Its very hard _ him to study two languages.6)Its very nice _ you to help me.,不定式特殊句型:Its+adj.+for sb./of sb.+to do,“It
25、s+adj.+for sb.+to do”句型常用于表示事物的特征特点,常用于这一句型的形容词一般表示客观形式,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等。,for,for,of,of,for,of,“Its+adj.+of sb.+to do”句型一般用以表示人物的性格,品德,常用于这一句型的形容词一般表示主观感情或态
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