Chapter 1 The Mission and the Method：1章的任务和方法.ppt

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1、The Mission and the Method,Chapter 1,2014 Wadsworth Cengage Learning,A Brief History of Social PsychologyWhat Do Social Psychologists Do?Social Psychologys Place in the WorldWhy People Study Social PsychologyHow Do Social Psychologists Answer Their Own Questions?How Much of Social Psychology is True

2、?,Chapter Topics,Social psychology is the scientific study of how people affect and are affected by othersIs understanding human behavior largely a matter of common sense?,What is Social Psychology?,Late 1800s:two experiments point in opposite directionsNorman Triplett(1898):The dynamogenic factors

3、in pacemaking and competition:competition enhances performanceMax Ringelmann(1913):as group size increases,individual effort decreases,A Brief History of Social Psychology,First Textbooks in Social PsychologyWilliam McDougall(1908),An Introduction to Social Psychology Edward Ross(1908),Social Psycho

4、logy:An Outline and a Source BookFloyd Allport(1924),Social Psychology,Floyd Henry Allport 1890-1978“The father of experimental social psychology”,Kurt Lewin(1930s):behavior is a function of the person and the situationGordon Allport(1954):the importance of attitudes Stanley Milgram(1960s):the role

5、of obedience(in light of World War II)Psychology divided into two campsBehaviorismFreudian psychoanalysisSocial psychology:combines the scientific method of behaviorism with the Freudian study of inner thoughts and feelings,Twentieth Century:Rapid changes and events in world lead to new ideas,Cognit

6、ive theory Mental processesBiological and evolutionary processes Social neuroscienceThe SelfConcept,esteem,presentation Group conflict Political,racial,ethnic,Contemporary Themes in Social Psychology,Figure 1.1 Affect,Behavior,and Cognition are the ABCs of what social psychologists study,What Do Soc

7、ial Psychologists Do?,How is social psychology related to other social sciences?,Social Psychologys Place in the World,How is social psychology intertwined with other branches of psychology?,Discussion:Explaining Behavior,Curiosity about peopleWhat do you want to understand about people?Interest in

8、experimental philosophyHow are psychology and philosophy alike?Different?Making the world better What kind of research accomplishes this?Social psychology is fun!,Why Do People Study Social Psychology?,How reliable is accumulated common wisdom?Adages are often contradictory“Birds of a feather flock

9、together”“Opposites attract”Intuition is a poor method of discovering the truthCommon sense may be a starting point for questions,How Do Social Psychologists Answer Their Own Questions?,Beginning the Research Process,Step#1:Start asking questions.Step#2:Search the literature.Step#3:Begin shaping the

10、 idea into a Hypothesis:a testable prediction tested in an experiment about the conditions under which an event will occur.,13,Basic and Applied Research,Basic research:Designed to test a specific hypothesis from a specific theory.Applied research:Designed to find solutions to practical problems.,14

11、,What Are the Basic Steps of the Scientific Method?,State the problemFormulate a testable hypothesisDesign the study and collect dataTest the hypothesis with the dataCommunicate the study results,Independent variable(IV)is the variable manipulated by the researcher that is assumed to lead to changes

12、 in the dependent variable.What variables cannot be manipulated by the experimenter?Dependent variable(DV)is the variable in a study that represents the results of the events and processes.Operational definition is observable operations,procedures,and measurements that are based on the independent/d

13、ependent variables.Confederate is a research assistant pretending to be a participant in a study.,Variables,Theories are constructs linked in some logical way,Scientific Theories,Figure 1.2 Representation of a theoretical model.,Figure 1.3 Theoretical stimulus,theoretical response,independent variab

14、le,and dependent variable for the study on crowding in line that was used to test frustration-aggression theory(Harris,1974).,Construct validity of the cause is the extent to which the independent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical stimulus.(Is crowding in front of someone in line

15、 a valid way to define“frustration”?)Construct validity of the effect is the extent to which the dependent variable is a valid representation of the theoretical response.(Is pushing someone a valid way to define“aggression”?),Construct Validity,For a theory to be scientific it must be testable,If th

16、e theoretical constructs cannot be defined,the theory is beyond the realm of science.It might fall within the realm of philosophy or religion instead.,Does chicken soup reduce cold symptoms?Hypothesis:chicken soup reduces upper respiratory inflammationExperimentWhat are the independent and dependent

17、 variables?What type of design was used?Result:chicken soup reduced neutrophil countsReport:published in Chest,Food for Thought,Research Designs,Experimental studiesFactorial designsLaboratory experimentsField experimentsNon-experimental studies,1)ExperimentResearcher controls proceduresParticipants

18、 are randomly assignedAllows for statements of cause and effect2)Quasi-experimentNo random assignmentWhy is random assignment essential?,Experimental Studies,Random Sampling vs.Random Assignment,Random SamplingSelecting Ps to be in study so that everyone in population has an equal chance of being in

19、 the study.Representative samples Generalization,Random AssignmentAssigning Ps(who are already in study)to the different conditions so that each P as equal chance of being in any of the conditions.Equalizes the conditions of experiment so that it is unlikely that conditions differ because of pre-exi

20、sting differencesRequired for inferences of causality.,24,Factorial design:allow social psychologist to test for main and interaction effects.Types of effects in factorial designMain effect:effect of a single variable;ignores the effects of other variablesInteraction effect:the effect of more than o

21、ne variable acting together on the dependent variable,Factorial Designs,Take place in a laboratoryHigh level of controlHigh or low in experimental realism Refers to whether participants get so caught up in procedures and forget that they are in an experimentLow in mundane realism Refers to whether t

22、he setting physically resembles the real world.,Laboratory Experiments,Take place in the real worldLow level of controlHigh in experimental realism High in mundane realism,Field Experiments,Figure 1.8 In this field study,drivers took their sweet time leaving a parking spot when an intruder was waiti

23、ng to get it.(Ruback&Juieng,1997).,Internal Validity,How reasonably certain is it that the IV caused the effects obtained on the DV?Control groups are important in ruling out alternative explanations for results.Important to minimize experimenter expectancy effects.,29,External Validity,To what degr

24、ee can the findings be generalized to other people and to other situations?External validity considerations:Is the sample representative?What is the setting in which the research is conducted?High if findings will likely generalize to other people and other settingsExperimental realism is more impor

25、tant than mundane realism in determining external validity,30,Correlational approachResearcher does not control variables or random assignmentWhat is the weakness?Survey research,Non-experimental Studies,Figure 1.9 Visual depiction of values of correlation coefficients.,CorrelationsRelationship betw

26、een two variables Positive,negative,or no correlation,computed by correlation coefficient,Correlations:Positive,Negative,and None,33,Correlation Causation,Example:Alf Landon was predicted to beat Roosevelt in a landslide in 1936,but Roosevelt wonWhat went wrong?Some factorsWas random sampling used?W

27、ho responded vs.who was given the survey?How were the questions posed?Was the survey reliable and valid?,Survey Research,Reliability:gives consistent resultsTest-retest reliabilityCronbach reliability coefficientValidity:measures what it purports to measureConvergent validity(measures of similar con

28、structs)Divergent validity(different constructs should not be correlated)Measurement validity(measure to predict the outcome that should be related to the measure)Face validity(if it appears to measure what purports to measure)not enough to make a measure valid,Research Design:Reliability and Validi

29、ty,Self-correcting nature of scienceReplication of experiments corrects false theories over timeSome issues:Reliance on student samplesCultural relativityWestern cultures dominate social psychology researchCultural differences may be substantial and important,How Much of Social Psychology Is True?,I

30、n what ways are college students a representative sample?In what ways are they not?What are some of your hypotheses regarding cultural differences and how they affect the field of social psychology?,Discussion:Biases,Conclusion,Social psychology studies the way humans affect and are affected by othersSocial psychologists use the scientific method to design experiments to study the affect,behavior,and cognition of peopleBe aware of the limitations and challenges of experimental design,and explore how to address these issues,