部分第四讲定语从句.ppt

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1、第三部分 语法专题突破第四讲 定语从句,目 录,用适当的关系词填空1He flew to Paris two hours ago,he would stay for three days.2The whole city,75%of factories and buildings were gone,lay in ruins.3Well put off the meeting till next week,we wont be so busy.,where,whose,when,4Rock climbing is a breathtaking activity,cooperation as we

2、ll as courage plays an important role.5Jacks speech was listened to by a group of five judges,all of agreed that it was the best one this year.6He was often late,made his teacher very angry.7My hometown is no longer the same it used to be.8This is the best hotel in the city I know.9This is the villa

3、ge Uncle Wang once lived in.10I dont know the reason he was late.,where,whom,which,as,that,which/that,why,引导定语从句的关系词有两种：关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that,which,who(宾格为whom，所有格为whose)等，关系副词包括where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词有三个作用：引导定语从句；指代先行词；在定语从句中作成分。,关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词的具体用法如下表所示：,关系代词,先行词,在从句中充当的成分,that,人或物,主语、宾语、表语,

4、which,物,主语、宾语、表语,who,人,主语、宾语,whom,人,宾语,whose,人或物,定语,The school shop,whose customers are mainly students,is closed for the holidays.这家校内商店放假时关门，它的顾客主要是学生。在定语从句中，使用关系代词时我们应该考虑两点：先行词是“人”还是“物”；关系代词在定语从句中充当什么成分。,关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词引导的定语从句,关系副词,先行词,在从句中充当的成分,when,时间,时间状语,where,地点,地点状语,why,原因(reason),原因状语,The

5、 girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister where she would stay for an hour.小女孩准备在培训中心与她的妹妹一起上钢琴课，在那里她可以待一小时。,点睛(1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point,situation,case,stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。Remember that there is still one point which we mu

6、st make clear at the conference tomorrow.记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。Shes in a hopeless situation,where we will keep a very close eye on her.她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。,(2)关系代词与关系副词的选用依据：当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时，一定要分析从句的句子结构。如果从句中缺少时间、地点或原因状语，则用关系副词；如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则用关系代词。This is the factory where she used to wor

7、k.这是她以前工作过的那家工厂。This is the factory that/which I visited last year.这是我去年参观的那家工厂。,“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句,在定语从句中，当关系代词作动词短语或介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加密切，可以将定语从句中的介词或动词短语中的介词放在关系代词前面。使用“介词关系代词”结构时要注意以下几个问题：(1)介词的选择介词的选择通常依据定语从句中动词短语的习惯搭配、介词与先行词的搭配或句子的意义来确定。Is this the car for which you paid a high price?这是你花高价买的

8、车吗？(根据从句谓语pay的搭配确定),The factory in which his father works is far away from my hometown.他父亲工作的那家工厂离我们家乡很远。(根据与先行词的搭配确定)This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。(根据意义搭配确定)点睛有些含有介词的固定动词短语不可拆开，介词仍放在动词的后面。This is the little boy that you have been looking for.这就是你一直寻找的那个小男孩。,(2)关系代词的选择介词后

9、作宾语的关系代词一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时也可用whose。The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.汤姆到加拿大时乘坐的火车速度非常快。He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.他就是那个家里的画被偷的人。,(3)当需要使用表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在从句中作状语时，也可以使用“介词关系代词”的结构。We cant find the house where/in which we used to l

10、ive.我们找不到曾经住的房子了。Do you still remember the day when/on which we went to the beach?你还记得我们去海滩那天吗？,(4)在“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，基于意义上的需要，of which/of whom前可带有some/any/few/several/many/most/all/both/none/neither/each/half/one/two等词或形容词最高级。Today there are many people who smoke in the world,about 45%of whom are Ch

11、inese.现在世界上有很多人在吸烟，其中大约45%是中国人。The oranges,half of which have gone bad,were bought by Uncle Wang.王叔叔买的橘子坏掉了一半。,as和which引导的定语从句,1两者都能引导非限制性定语从句，但用法有区别：which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。He sold his bicycle,which surprised me.(He sold his bicycl

12、e,and this surprised me.)他把自行车卖了，这使我感到奇怪。,As is known to all,China is a country with the largest population in the world.众所周知，中国是世界上人口最多的国家。2as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句末；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面。3as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如：as is known,as is reported等。如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。Tom has mad

13、e rapid progress,which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了进步，这让我很高兴。,4as常用在as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as I remember(it),as(it)appears等结构中。Jack has won the first prize,as it often happens.像往常一样，杰克获得了一等奖。,5as用在the same.as,such.as,as.as,so.as结构中，可以作主语、宾语或表语，可以用来代替先行词是表示人或物的名词。They could only read suc

14、h stories as had been rewritten in simple English.他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。(as作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。(as作宾语),定语从句的主谓一致,1关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.别人给我的那台录音机是国产的。I,who

15、 am your classmate,will share the work with you.我是你的同学，要和你分担这项工作。,2“one of复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the only,the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。Mr Wang is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us.王先生是我

16、的朋友中唯一被请来和我们共进晚餐的人。,.高考单选对接,1(2012浙江高考)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature,_，for some reason,had withdrawn from all human society.,AwhichBwhoCwhere Dwhom,解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处考查定语从句，定语从句的先行词是a painter，关系词在定语从句中作主语，应该用关系代词who。,答案：B,2(2012上海高考)Have you sent thankyou notes to the relatives from

17、_ you received gifts?,Awhich BthemCthat Dwhom,解析：定语从句的先行词是人，且引导词前有介词from，故用关系代词的宾格whom。,答案：D,3(2012福建高考)The air quality in the city,_ is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.,Athat BitCas Dwhat,解析：考查定语从句。句意：就像报告中所表明的那样，这座城市的空气质量在过去的两个月里已有改善。as 引导非限制性定语从句，且代表整个主句的内容。that不能引导非限制性定

18、语从句。it和what不是关系代词，不能引导定语从句。,答案：C,4(2012重庆高考)Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales.,Awhich BthatCwhen Dwhere,解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句。position是先行词，定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where。,答案：D,5(2012浙江高考)We live in an age _ more information is available with greater

19、 ease than ever before.,Awhy BwhenCto whom Don which,解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知此处考查定语从句，先行词是an age，关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，所以应该用关系副词when，故选B项。,答案：B,6(2012北京高考)When deeply absorbed in work,_ he often was,he would forget all about eating or sleeping.,Athat BwhichCwhere Dwhen,解析：考查定语从句。句意：他经常全神贯注地工作，每当这个时候，他就会完全忘记吃饭或睡觉

20、。which he often was是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，which在从句中作was的表语。,答案：B,7(2012山东高考)Maria has written two novels,both of _ have been made into television series.,Athem BthatCwhich Dwhat,解析：考查“介词which”引导的非限制性定语从句。句中的先行词是two novels，而且后面是一个非限制性定语从句，因此用both of which引导。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，也不能跟在介词后面；如果选them，则both前需要有并列连

21、词and或者是独立主格结构(both of them made into.)。,答案：C,8(2012湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.,Awhat Bin whatCwhich Din which,解析：考查定语从句。句意：心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中细小的细节也应该考虑在内。_ even the small details of life should be considered是定语从句部分，该部分主干完

22、整，所以选关系副词；先行词是process，表抽象地点，所以选in which，相当于where。,答案：D,9(2012天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith,without _ help I would never have got this far.,Awho BwhoseCwhom Dwhich,解析：考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢史密斯教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故用whose。,答案：B,10(2012安徽高考)A lot of language learning

23、,_ has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period.,Aas BitCwhich Dthis,解析：考查定语从句。句意：正如发现的那样，大量的语言学习是在出生后的第一年发生的，所以父母应当在那一时期多和孩子说话。分析句子结构可知，“_ has been discovered”，为非限制性定语从句，且位于先行词所指的“A lot of language learning is happening

24、in the first year of life”整个句子之间，故用as。,答案：A,.高考写作对接()把加黑部分改为定语从句1In the English corner,I met many friends,and they share the same interest with me.(2012全国卷书面表达)In the English corner,I met many friends,_.2Books are the source of knowledge,and we all know that.(2012湖北短文写作),books are the source of know

25、ledge.,As we all know/As is known to all,who share the,same interest with me,3Last but not least,my physics teacher is my role model,and his influence on me had a lot to do with my decision.(2012安徽书面表达)Last but not least,my physics teacher is my role model,.,whose influence on me had a lot to do wit

26、h my decision,()一句多译众所周知，梁山伯与祝英台是一个传统戏剧，讲述的是两个年轻人动人的爱情故事。(2012天津书面表达)_,It is known to us all that Butterfly Lovers is a traditional drama,telling about two young persons moving love story.,What we all know is that Butterfly Lovers is a traditional drama,telling about two young persons moving love st

27、ory.,As we all know,Butterfly Lovers is a traditional drama,telling about two young persons moving love story.,.高考阅读对接()用适当的关系词填空1But tissues also readily absorb UV and visible light,_ means the drug release can be triggered only near the skin,the light can reach the capsule.(2012江苏阅读C)2People can h

28、andle stress are given more and more to cope with until one day they break.(2012浙江任务型阅读),which,where,who,()分析下列句子并翻译1Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted in reaction to climate change,which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.(2012四川阅读E)句式分析which引导的为，which

29、指代。尝试翻译_,非限制性定语从句,主句,由于气候变化，植物开花比科学家预测的更快，这可能对食物链和生态系统有长期的破坏性影响。,2Animals that dont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside,which may contain something unhealthy for them.(2012全国卷阅读A)句式分析that引导的 定语从句修饰animals；which引导的 定语从句修饰dirty water。尝试翻译_,限制性,非限制性,没有清洁、不冻的水，动物就可能喝外面的脏水，这些脏水可能含

30、有对它们健康不利的东西。,1That tree,_ branches are almost bare,is a very old one.,AwhoseBwhichCthat Dwho,解析：句意：那是一棵老树，它的树枝几乎掉光了。所选项引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作branches的定语，故用whose。which在从句中作主语或宾语；that不能引导非限制性定语从句；who指人，在从句中作主语、宾语。,答案：A,2Bungee jumping is an adventurous sport,popular with young adults,_ courage matters more

31、 than strength.,解析：句意：蹦极跳是一项受年轻人喜爱的冒险运动，在这项运动中勇气比力量更重要。所选项引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词sport，并在从句中作地点状语，故用where。whose在从句中作定语；why在从句中作原因状语；when在从句中作时间状语。,Awhose BwhyCwhen Dwhere,答案：D,3This article may shock some sensitive readers,_ I offer my apologizes in advance.,解析：句意：这篇文章可能会令一些敏感的读者震惊，为此我提前向这些读者道歉。所选项引导定语从句，修

32、饰先行词readers；根据apologize to sb.的搭配可知，“介词关系代词”结构用to whom。,Afrom whom Bfor whomCto whom Dtowards whom,答案：C,4Nowadays,when people talk about magicians,the first one _ comes into their mind is Liu Qian.,解析：句意：现在人们谈论起魔术师的时候，第一个想到的就是刘谦。先行词由the first修饰，且引导词在从句中作主语，故用that。,Awhom BwhichCthat Dwhat,答案：C,5Is ox

33、ygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?,Athat B不填Cwhich Dit,解析：句意：氧气是唯一助燃的气体吗？先行词由the only修饰，引导词在从句中作主语，故只能用that不能用which。,答案：A,6Such things _ you described are rare now.,Aas BwhoCthat Dwhich,解析：句意：像你描述的这种事情现在很少见。先行词前有so,such,the same等修饰时，关系代词用as。,答案：A,7This book,the first two chapters _ are interesting

34、,was given to my friend as a birthday present.,Aof it Bof whichCto which Dwhich,解析：句意：我把这本书作为生日礼物送给了朋友，它的前两章很有趣。所选项引导定语从句修饰book，并在从句中表示“其中的两章”，the first two chapters与book是所属关系，故用of which引导。,答案：B,8I dont like the way _ you speak to her.,A不填 Bin thatCwhich Dof which,解析：句意：我不喜欢你跟她说话的方式。先行词是way(方式，方法)且从

35、句缺少状语时，常用that/in which引导定语从句，也可以省略关系词。,答案：A,9He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle,_ was unexpected.,Awhich BasCthat Dit,解析：分析句子结构可知，which在句中引导非限制性定语从句，修饰逗号前面整句话的内容。,答案：A,10(2012江苏江浦中学模拟)A turning point of the continuously high housing prices wont appear suddenly because there must b

36、e a certain process _ many factors lead to the change.,Awhich BwhatCwhere Dthat,解析：句意：持续的高房价不会突然出现拐点，因为这需要一个过程，在这个过程中很多因素综合起来才会导致价格的变化。此处用关系副词where来引导定语从句，相当于in which，修饰先行词“process”。,答案：C,11(2012皖北协作区高三联考)Chinas railway system has carried out a realname ticket purchasing system,_ requires passengers

37、 to provide their ID numbers when buying tickets.,Ain which BwhoseCwho Dwhich,解析：分析句子结构可知，“_ requires passengers to provide.buying tickets.”是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语且指物，故用关系代词which。,答案：D,12(2013江南十校联考)Mr David has been to many cities in China,_ Hefei has impressed him most.,Aof which Bin whichCwith which Do

38、n which,解析：句意：大卫先生去过中国的很多城市，在这些城市中合肥留给他的印象最深刻。分析句子结构可知，“_ Xian has impressed him most.”是定语从句，“Hefei”是“many cities”中的一个，故空处用of which。,答案：A,13Shanghai is the first city in China _ stops the nationwide onetime certification system for primary and middle school teachers.,解析：句意：上海是中国第一个打破中小学教师资格“终身制”的城市。

39、China后的部分是定语从句，修饰先行词city；从句中缺少主语，故可排除C、D两项；又因为先行词前有the first修饰，故选A项。,Athat BwhichCwhere Dwhen,答案：A,14On Saturday,demonstrations were held in more than 20 major cities across China against Tokyos illegal claims on the Diaoyu Islands,_ have always been a part of China historically.,Athat Bwhich Cas Dw

40、here,解析：由句意可知，“在历史上，钓鱼岛一直属于中国。”_ have always been a part of China historically是非限制性定语从句，the Diaoyu Islands是先行词，从句中缺少主语，故选B项。that不能引导非限制性定语从句，as引导非限制性定语从句意为“正如，正像”。,答案：B,15A police car was responsible for the traffic accident _ seven people were injured in Nanning,capital of the Guangxi Zhuang autono

41、mous region.,Awhere BwhenCthat Dwhy,解析：句意：一辆警车要为发生在广西壮族自治区首都南宁的那次交通事故负责，事故中有七人受伤。accident后是定语从句，先行词是the traffic accident，定语从句中缺少状语(在事故中)，故选A项。,答案：A,Occasions are quite rare _ I have the time to spend a day with my kids.,Awho BwhichCwhy Dwhen,解析：考查关系副词when引导的定语从句。句意：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions是先行词，

42、所选关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故可排除其他选项。,答案：D,误区警示易误选B项。由于先行词和从句被隔离，加上对occasion的了解不够，导致误选。,It was in the beautiful park _ was located by the sea _ we first met our new Chinese teacher.,Awhere;which Bthat;whichCthat;that Dwhich;where,解析：第一个空代替先行词“the beautiful park”，在定语从句中作主语；第二个空构成“it was.that”强调句型结构。,误区警示易误选D项。强调句和定语从句结合在一起，句子结构复杂，造成理解困难。,答案：C,(江西高考)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour.,Awhere BwhoCwhich Dwhat,解析：where在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词the training center，并在从句中作状语。,答案：A,误区警示易误选B项。由于定语从句的先行词和从句被介词短语with her sister隔开，因此考生会因插入语的影响而选错答案。,