生物化学简明教程第四版第九章糖代谢.ppt
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1、葡萄糖 丙酮酸 乙酰 CoA CO2+H2O,糖的有氧分解,柠檬酸循环(三羧酸循环)(线粒体),糖酵解(细胞质),丙酮酸的氧化(线粒体),丙酮酸的氧化,Regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.The complex is inhibited by its immediate products,NADH and acetyl CoA.The pyruvate dehydrogenase component is also regulated by covalent modification.A specific kinase phosph
2、orylates and inactivates pyruvate dehydrogenase,and a phosphatase actives the dehydrogenase by removing the phosphoryl.The kinase and the phosphatase also are highly regulated enzymes.,丙酮酸脱氢酶系活性的调控,Why does TPP deficiency lead primarily to neurological disorders?The nervous system relies essentially
3、 on glucose as its only fuel.In contrast,most other tissues can use fats as a source of fuel for the citric acid cycle.The product of aerobic glycolysis,pyruvate,can enter the citric acid cycle only through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.,丙酮酸代谢的中断,脚气病以及汞、砷中毒的原因?,Arsenite poisoning.Arsenite inhib
4、its the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by inactivating the dihydrolipoamide component of the transacetylase.Some sulfhydryl reagents,such as 2,3-dimercaptoethanol,relieve the inhibition by forming a complex with the arsenite that can be excreted.,三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle,TCA),又叫柠檬酸循环(citric ac
5、id cycle)循环德国科学家Hans Krebs于年提出,Krebs因此于年获得诺贝尔奖。,Hans Krebs,三羧酸循环包含8个步骤:(1)乙酰辅酶A与草酰乙酸缩合形成柠檬酸,该反应不可逆,三羧酸循环的第一个限速酶。柠檬酸合酶(EC2.3.3.1)活性受ATP、NADH、琥珀酸CoA等抑制。,(2)柠檬酸脱水生成顺乌头酸,然后加水生成异柠檬酸,顺乌头酸酶()实际上起异构化作用,反应平衡时,柠檬酸占90%,顺乌头酸占4%,异柠檬酸占6%,但由于在线粒体内,异柠檬酸不断向下反应,整个反应趋向于异柠檬酸的生成。,草酰琥珀酸,-酮戊二酸,异柠檬酸脱氢酶,Mn2+,(3)-酮戊二酸的生成,异柠檬
6、酸脱氢酶特性:1)具有脱氢和脱羧两种功能,脱羧反应需要Mn2+;2)是别构酶:ADP是激活剂;ATP和NADH是抑制剂。3)是限速酶此步反应为一分界点,之前为三羧酸转化,之后为二羧酸变化。,(4)-酮戊二酸氧化脱羧生成琥珀酰辅酶A,-酮戊二酸脱氢酶系特性:1)包含三种酶(-酮戊二酸脱羧酶、硫辛酸琥珀酰转移酶和二氢硫辛酸脱氢酶)和六种辅助因子(TPP、硫辛酸、CoASH、FAD、NAD+、Mg2+)。2)限速酶:受ATP、NADH和琥珀酰辅酶A的抑制。,(5)琥珀酸的生成,三羧酸循环中唯一的一次底物水平磷酸化,琥珀酸脱氢酶,琥珀酸,延胡索酸,(6)琥珀酸脱氢生成延胡索酸,延胡索酸,苹果酸,延胡索
7、酸酶,(7)延胡索酸水化生成苹果酸,(8)苹果酸氧化生成草酰乙酸,CH3CO-SCoA+3NAD+FAD+GDP+H3PO4+2H2O,HSCoA+3NADH+3H+FADH2+GTP+2CO2,verview of the citric acid cycle.The citric acid cycle oxidizes two-carbon units,producing two moleculesof CO2,one molecule of GTP,and highenergy electrons in the form of NADH and FADH2.,The link betwee
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