定语从句讲解PPT最全.ppt

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1、定语从句高考考点例析The best way you can get,The Attributive Clause,Complex sentence 复合句：,由连词连接两个或多个主谓结构的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句），另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语）。,复合句=,主句,+,定语从句,一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句）,另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分（定语）,The students(who do not study hard)will not pass the exam.,主句主语,从句主语,从句谓语

2、结构,主句谓语结构,在句子中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句。这种从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，并作句子成分。定语从句还叫做嵌入句，因形容词定语，所以又称之为形容词性从句。,Attributive clause:,定语从句的位置：通常在先行词（在主句中）后。,语法讲解 定语从句（the attributive clause）,被定语从句限定的词是_，引导定语从句的词叫做 _ 或 _。,关系代词和关系副词有三大作用，即连接（连接定语从句和主句）、替代（替代前面的 先行词）、成分（在定语从句中要充当一定的句子成分）。,在复合句中，充当_ 用的从句是定语从句,“先行词”,“关系代词”,“关系副词”,形容

3、词,The boy who is reading is Tom.,先行词,关系代词,Hospital is a place where a doctor works.,先行词,关系副词,先行词和关系词的关系,1.A plane is a machine that can fly.2.The boy who broke the window is called Tom.3.The boy whose parents are dead was brought up by his grandfather.4.The school where I study is far from my home.,

4、the machine=that,the boy=who,the boys=whose,in the school=where,关系代词实际上是先行词的复指,关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格,关系副词实际上是介词先行词,Join the following sentences:A plane is a machine.The machine can fly.A plane is can fly.,关系代词的实质,the machine,a machine,that/which,Revision1 relative pronoun,who,whom,which,that,whose,rel

5、ative adverb,when,where,why,time,place,reason,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,一.关系代词的基本用法和注意点,1.关系代词的基本用法,三.1.关系代词的基本用法,who指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,The man(who)I talked with is our teacher.,A person who steals things is called a thief.,whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语，可省略。,The man(whom)I nodded to is Mr.Li.,who,whom,which 指物，在定语从句

6、中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,These are the trees which were planted last year.,This recorder（which）he is using ismade in Japan.,which,He is the man(that)I told you about.,that 指人或物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，可省略。,A plane is a machine that can fly.,that,whose指人或物,在定语从句中作定语。不可省略。,We live in a house whose windows face sou

7、th.,This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.,whose,2.关系代词的用法注意点 that和which的选择,(1)that指物时一般可以与which互换，但在下列情况引导词只用that，不用which。,当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时，如：a.All that can be done has been done.b.I am sure she has somethi

8、ng(that)you can borrow.c.There is little(that)the enemy can do besides surrender.,先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much修饰时：,Ive read all the books(that)you gave me.,that和which的选择,先行词是序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。,This is the best book(that)Ive ever read.,This is the first composition(that)he has written in English

9、.,先行词被the only,the very,the last 修饰时。,That white flower is the only one(that)I really like.This is the very book(that)I want to find.,当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时，这个定语从句要用that而不用who(whom)和which引导。如：,He talked about the teachers and schools（that）he had visited.,先行词是疑问词who,which,what 时，定语从句用that而不用who,(whom)

10、和which引导。,that和which的选择,Who is the person that is standing at the gate?Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?What that is on the table belongs to me?,当关系代词在从句中作表语时：,Mary is no longer the girl(that)she used to be.China is no longer the country that it used to be.,Which可以引导

11、非限定性定语从句，可用于介词后，其先行词可是一个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。1 She heard a terrible noise,_ brought her heart into her mouth.A.it B.which C.this D.that 2.The weather turned out to be good,_ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it,that和which的选择,（2）只用which的情况,B,B,(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构

12、成名词短语。whose与它所修饰的名词一起可以作介词的宾语。如：The boss in whose department he worked had heard the news.他工作所在部门的老板已经听说了这个消息。,(3)whose引导的定语从句注意点,whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+of which，或=of which+the+名词。如：The novel whose title(=the title of which或of which the title)is Red and Black is very intere

13、sting.,whose引导的定语从句，其先行词既可以指人也可以指物。,whose的先行词指人时，可用of whom代替，但语序不同，即whose+名词=the+名词+of whom，或=of whom+the+名词。如：The boy whose mother(=the mother of whom或of whom the mother)is a doctor is my friend.,二.关系副词when,where和why的用法,五.关系副词的基本用法,用关系副词when时，先行词指时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语，when可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,I still remem

14、ber the day when(=on which)I first came to Nanjing.,My father was born in the year when(=in which)World War broke out.,1.when,1.when,用关系副词where时，先行词指地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语，where可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,This is the farm where(=on which)we worked when we were young.,The school where(=in which)his mother teaches i

15、s in the west of the city.,2.where,2.where,用关系副词why时，先行词指原因，why在定语从句中作原因状语，why可换成“介词+关系代词”。如：,There are several reasons why(=for which)the boys should be punished.,Tom couldnt give the teacher the reason why(=for which)he was late for school.,3.why,3.why,4.关系副词的用法注意点,(1)当先行词为time，表示“次数”时，应用关系词that 或

16、省略。如：This is the first time(that)the president has visited the country.,(2)当point,situation,position,case,stage等词作先行词表示“情况，境地，场合”等意思时，其后常由where引导定语从句，where在句中作状语。如：Can you think of a situation where this phrase can be used?,4.关系副词的用法注意点,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,1)October 1,1949 was the day_(_ _)China was foun

17、ded.2)Beijing is the place _(_ _)I came.3)Is this the reason _(_ _)he didnt want to see me?,when,on which,where,from which,why,for which,巩固练习：用适当的关系词填空,4)Is this the room _(_ _)we were living last winter?5)The days are gone _(_ _)we used“foreign oil”.6)Yesterday,we had a meeting _(_ _)we discussed m

18、any problems.,where,in which,when,during which,at which,where,对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,1.The room _ he once lived is still there.The room _ I have to clean every day belongs to my mother.,where/in which,(that/which),对比练习：用适当的关系词填空,2.I will never forget the day_ I met you.I will never forget the day _ we spent

19、 together.,when/on which,(that/which),The reason _ I dont know is known to him.,(that/which),why/for which,3.The reason _ I dont know the thing is that I was not there at that time.,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,1、找出定语从句中是否主语和宾语都齐全。如齐全用关系副词。用什么关系副词看先行词。,I will never forget the days(_ I stayed with you).,when

20、,_,_,Jurassic Park is about a park _(a very rich man keeps differentKinds of dinosaurs).,_,_,where,1958 was the year _(Spielberg made his first real film).,_,_,Please give me the reason _(you made such a great success).,_,_,when,why,Morning is the best time _(you practise reading aloud).,_,_,when,Do

21、 you remember the lake _(you first met your girlfriend.）,_,_,where,2、如定语从句中缺宾语，确定定语从句的谓语动词是不是及物 动词，如是，用关系代词，如不是，用关系副词。,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,Yesterday we went to visit the house _(the great writer used to live).,_,_,where,in which,The house _(they built in 1987)stayed up in the earthquake.,which that

22、/,_,_,Luckily none of the people _(I know)were killed in the earthquake.,whowhom that/,_,_,My father was born in the year _(the Second World War broke out).,_,_,in which,when,3、如定语从句中谓语结构是被动结构，有主语，则用关系副词。,Kunming is a beautiful place _(flowers are seen all the year round).,where,October 1st is the d

23、ay _(new China was founded).,when,The window(_ was opened this morning)has been broken.,Which that,The meeting(_ will be held next week)is very important.,Which that,考点一:如何判定用关系代词还是用关系副词,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,对这两个词作如下归纳：,1、如果定语放主句后，即引用as也可以用which.He failed to the exam,as(=which)is natural.She seems a

24、scientist,as(=which)in fact she is.Grammar is not a dead rule,which(=as)I have said before.,2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用which引导 定语从句。如：,As we all know,his parents were killed in the war.,As we all know,the earth is round.,3.用于the sameas,suchas，asas,soas中，一般用as。e.g.Such books as you tell me are interesting.T

25、his is the same book as I lent you yesterday.,4.as代表前面主句意思时，有“正如”之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。,He won the match,as we had expected.He agreed to the plan,as was to be expected.The police were looking for him,as he thought.,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,Here is so big a stone as no

26、 man can lift.,5.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。e.g.She has been late again,as was expected.Tom has made great progress,which made us happy.,6.如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用which.,a.He cheated his friend of mach money,which was very disgraceful.b.H

27、e came back late,which made his mother worried.,考点二：as与which引导的定语从句,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,如何选定介词:,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g.Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im sure.3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g.1949 was t

28、he year in which the P.R.C.was founded.,4.非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“数词/代词+of+关系代词”的结构，如：e.g.There are 50 students in our class,two-thirds of whom have been to Beijing.,5.Whose从句可转换为“of+关系代词”型，如：e.g.They live in a house,whose door opens to the south.,They lived in a house,of which the door opens to th

29、e south.They lived in a house,the door of which open to the south.,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,where=in/on/at+which,why=for+which 介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。eg.1.I wont forget the date when(on which)I was born.2.This is the room where(in which)I lived.

30、=This is the room which I lived in.3.I dont know the reason why(for which)he havent come today.4.Tom still remembers the days when(in which)they lived in Tianjin.,考点三：关系代词前介词的确定,思考？,是否所有的介词+关系代词都能用关系副词代替?,The painting(_ I looked)was painted by me.,at which,The book(_ I heard)was written twenty years

31、 ago.,about which,The pen(_ she wrote that book)can now be seen ina museum.,with which,Kunming is a beautiful place _(flowers are seen all the year round).,where/in which,I will never forgot the day _ I first met you on the ship.,on which/when,during which,The film(_I fell asleep)was very boring.,结论

32、：只有当介词+关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。,六.非限制性定语从句,1.非限制性定语从句的定义,非限制性定语从句是对被修饰部分进行附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然完整或清楚。它和主句之间的关系比较松散，因此常用逗号隔开。不用that 引导,My watch,which is very old,stopped again.,六.1.非限制性定语从句的定义,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(1)限制性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，若省去，主句的意思就不明确。主从句之间不用逗号隔开。而非限制性定语从句则不然。试比较：,This is the best

33、book that I have read.,This is a good book,which is easy to understand.,2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别,(2)限制性定语从句的先行词总是一个名词或一个代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是部分或整个主句的意思。此时，一般用关系代词as或which引导。,(4)在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略关系代词，而在限制性定语从句中则可以。,(3)限制性定语从句可以用关系代词that引导，而非限制性定语从句则不能。,(5)关系代词在非限制性定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词前可以有被介词短语所修饰的词。如：,(6

34、)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词还可以作介词的宾语。,He has two daughters,the elder of whom is married.,He is ill,in spite of which he keeps on studying.,1).a.I saw some trees,and the leaves of _ were black with disease.b.I saw some trees,the leaves of _ were black with disease.2).a.The professor is a little man,on the nose

35、of _there is a pair of glasses.b.The professor is a little man,and on the nose of _there is a pair of glasses,解题点拨:是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键。,them,whom,which,him,_,_,高考考点易混句型,1.定语从句与并列句,1).a.The news _our volleyball team won the match made us excited.b.The news _he told me yesterday is exciting.2).a.I mad

36、e a promise _ if anyone set me free,I would make him very rich.b.The mother made a promise _ pleased all her children.,that,(that/which),that/which,that,解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。,.定语从句与同位语从句,1)a.It is in this room

37、 _I lived last year.b.It is the room _I lived last year.2)a.It was at seven oclock _he went to school this morning.b.It was seven oclock _he went to school this morning.,解题点拨：强调句型：It is/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分;去掉 It is/was.that/who,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。,that,where,that,when,.定语从句与强调句,注意 一:way 后面

38、的定语从句,way 后面的定语从句的引导词有 in which that 或 不填，如：I recognized hes from Australia from the way _ he speaks.,in which(that/不填),注意二：定语从句的位置问题,一般的说，定语从句由关系词引导紧跟在被修饰的词（先行词）后边。As引导的定语从句可以放在句首。,I happened to meet the man in the street.A.whom you once spoke B.to who you once spokeC.you once spoke to him D.you on

39、ce spoke to,注意二：定语从句的位置问题,.I happened to meet the man in the street.A.whom you once spoke B.to who you once spokeC.you once spoke to him D.you once spoke to但是如果在容易造成歧义的情况下可以的。如果把定语从句放在in the street之前，容易被人理解为“你曾经在街上说过话的人”。所以先要照顾句子意思,注意二：定语从句的位置问题,但是如果在容易造成歧义的情况下可以的。如果把定语从句放在in the street之前，容易被人理解为“你曾

40、经在街上说过话的人”。所以先要照顾句子意思，另如：He came to Paris in 1897,_ he became a famous actor later.,where,注意三：疑问句the one有关的问题,1.Isthismuseum_youvisitedafewdaysago?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone2.Isthisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone,注意三：疑问句the one有关的问题,例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis_youvisitedaf

41、ewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum_theexhibitionwasheld.在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有theone可以，而后面的youvisitedafewdaysago则做one的定语从句。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因inthemuseum词组，可用介词in+which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。,定语从句考点归纳,2.如何判断介词,3whose 的使用,4 as 的使用,1.that 与which,6 定语从句中的动词的数,5 when,where,why 与that,whic

42、h 的区分,1.that 与which,1.Nothing _ can be done has been done.2.Do you have anything _ you dont understand?,先行词是everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that,that,that,1.This is the best TV _ is made in China.2.The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.,that

43、,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that。,1.that 与which,Ive read all the books _ you lent me.,that,先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last 修饰时,引导定语从句用that。,1.that 与which,1.The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.2.A victim is a

44、 person,animal or thing _ suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that.,that,that,1.that 与which,1.Who _ you have ever seen can do it better?,Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that,that,1.that 与which,1.Her bag,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen.2.This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars.3.Xiao Wan

45、g,with _ I went to the concert,enjoy it very much.,which,which,whom,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom,1.that 与which,根据从句中的动词搭配,This is the book _ which you asked.注意：动词短语不能拆，即介词不提前我照顾的那个老人好多了。The old man after whom I am looking is better.The old man whom I am looking after is better.,介词+whom/which如何判断介词,for,根据

46、从句中的形容词搭配,He told me some reference books _ which I am not very familiar.This is our classroom,in the front of which there is a teachers desk.,如何判断介词,with,根据先行词与介词搭配,介词+关系代词=关系副词,My grandpa was born in 1939 _ the World War broke out.Kun Ming is a beautiful place _ flowers are seen all the year round

47、.,如何判断介词,in which,when,in which,where,The song,_ we are interested will be broadcast tonight.He is the hero _ we are proud.This is the college _ well visit a famous actor.The earth _ we live is a big round ball.,in which,of whom,in which,on which,Exercise,Do you like the book _ she spent$10?Do you l

48、ike the book _ she paid$10?Do you like the teacher _ she learned a lot?Do you like the teacher _ we are talking has gone abroad?He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.,on which,for which,from whom,about whom,of which,介词+关系代词的使用,whose 引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,T

49、he river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.,whose,3 Whose 的使用,There are in this class 20 students,_ are different.A.whose backgrounds B.The backgrounds of whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose,Whose 的使用,The earth is round,_ we all know._ is known to all,the earth is

50、round_ is known to all that the earth is round.,as,As,It,4 as 的使用,This is the same book as I lost.This is the same book that I lost.,这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。,这本书就是我丢的那本。,as 的使用,This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.,as,as,这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。,定语从句,as 的使用,This