癫痫发病原理与诊断.ppt
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1、,癫痫的诊断依据,临床表现:发作性意识障碍抽搐或伴感觉、精神或植物神经功能障碍脑电图特点:发作性 vs 持久性痫样放电,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,神经科各种先进检查技术已有突飞猛进的发展,如CT、MRl、SPECT及DSA等,不仅能看见大脑的形态结构,而且能了解大脑的功能,提示癫痫病灶位置等,为寻找癫痫发病原因和手术切除癫痫病灶提供了科学证据。但在癫痫诊断方面这些并不能替代脑电图检查,因为癫痫发病的基础是脑神经细胞的异常放电,只有EEG能发现这种异常脑电活动。,
2、PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,脑电图可以帮助医生确定患者是不是癫痫。确定是什么类型的癫痫。是否需要服用抗癫痫药物,选择哪一种抗癫痫药物。是否可以减停抗癫痫药物,停药后复发的风险如何。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,癫痫脑电图,癫痫病人不仅在发作时有异常脑电图,约50%的病人在发作间歇期也可看到异常脑电活动,统称为痫样放电。痫样放电的特点的在基本电活动上突然产生的,一般是高波幅的电活动。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,各种癫痫发作的脑电图,PLS09 B
3、eijing,China,September 7,2009,强直-阵挛性发作:发作间期的脑电图,在强直-阵挛性发作间歇期,7080%病人的脑电图有不同程度的异常:1发作性异常波 2非发作性异常波 异常脑电图一般频繁发作者容易出现,而发作间期长者例如一年左右一次者,脑电图可以正常。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,广泛性(全面性)多棘慢复合波阵发,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Generalize Spike Wave Discharge,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009
4、,癫痫发作期的脑电图表现,与发作间期痫样放电相似,是这种发作间期痫性放电的延续。有些则与发作间期的脑电图表现完全不同,出现一种全新的脑电图模式:脑电低平;募集节律;爆发性放电,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ictal EEG,Abnormal rhythm with sudden,steep increase in amplitudeAssociated with increase/decrease in frequency contentMay vary considerably from seizure to seizure hard to de
5、tect,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Abnormal rhythm with sudden,steep increase in amplitude,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,reading,Perception of fear,Altered consciousness,Right hemi-sphere,Left hemi-sphere,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛发作,为
6、突然发生的快速有力的“电击状”肌肉收缩常致快速跌倒整个发作过程大约0.2秒EEG:全导高波幅多棘慢波短程爆发。EMG:一过性肌电爆发(100ms)。可见于多种良性或非良性全面性癫痫综合征。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛发作Myoclonic Seizure and Polyspike Wave,Jerk,Jerk,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失神发作,典型表现为规律性的反复出现而波幅一致的频率3次/S(254次/S)的棘波与慢波特殊结合通常为两侧半球同步性放电,在额顶区较明显,且电压较高,可达30
7、0 V左右,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,全面性3Hz棘慢复合波节律暴发,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,This EEG displays an abnormal discharge called a generalized spike and wave.This EEG pattern is typical for absence seizures.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Absence:3 Hz Spike and Wave,PLS09 Beijing
8、,China,September 7,2009,Atypical Absence Seizures,The ictal symptoms fluctuated and consisted of staring,head nodding and automatisms.The ictal discharge consisted of slow GSWD at 22.5 Hz.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失神发作继发GTCS,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,失张力发作,临床表现:低头、弯腰、屈膝,向后快速跌倒
9、坐地。持续数秒钟或数分钟。EEG:弥漫性棘慢波或广泛性电压抑制。EMG:一过性电静息。常见于Lennox-Gastaut 综合征。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,肌阵挛后失张力,Video EEG of a Doose Syndrome 6-Year-Old Normal Boy withSome jerks were followed by atonic attacks.The EEG also showed brief(0.5 s)abortive generalised discharges of polyspikes at around 15
10、 Hz,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,临床表现:突然发生的意识丧失,全身肌肉强直收缩,固定于某种姿势5-20秒多表现为突然低头、弯腰、四肢强直伸展,致跌倒EEG:广泛性1020Hz快节律EMG:持续性肌电爆发(持续数秒)常见于Lennox-Gastaut 综合征睡眠中短暂的强直发作睡眠中突然睁眼,双眼向上凝视,持续数秒EEG为广泛性1020HZ棘波节律常被家长忽视如持续时间长,可见轴性强直见于LGS,强直发作,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,EEG fast paroxysms are associated
11、with inconspicuous manifestations of tonic seizures(slight tonic eyelid opening)that would be impossible to detect without videoEEG recording.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,A tonic seizure manifesting with mild clinical symptoms occurs during marked paroxysmal fast activity.Turning of the hea
12、d and symmetrical flattening of the EEG follow this.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,轻微强直发作,Fast paroxysms often contain rhythms faster than 10 Hz in LennoxGastaut syndrome.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,痉挛发作,最常见于West综合征也可见于其他婴儿癫痫综合征:Ohtahara综合征特殊的发作形式(点头、四肢屈曲或伸展)多数为成串发作,也可单次发作持续时间1-3秒,比
13、肌阵挛发作(0.2秒)慢,比强直发作(5-20秒)快发作间期EEG为高度失律(高峰节律紊乱)发作期EEG:快波节律;高幅慢波;广泛去同步化,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ohtahara综合征也称大田原综合征,大田原综合征的起病年龄在3个月之内,多数早至1个月之内。主要发作类型为痉挛性发作,可以为成串发作,类似婴儿痉挛发作,也可仅为单次痉挛。清醒和睡眠期均可有发作。其他发作形式如部分运动性发作、半侧惊厥发作也可出现,但很少有肌阵挛发作。患儿有严重的精神运动发育落后或停滞。神经影像学常有明显的异常发现。暴发抑制是大田原综合征的特征性表现,也是本症重要的
14、诊断依据。睡眠及清醒时持续存在。也可为不对称或不同步的爆发一抑制。本症与婴儿痉挛症的主要鉴别点为后者起病年龄稍晚(高峰为4-6个月),EEG主要表现为高峰节律紊乱。,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Ohtahara syndrome,FIG.1.Interictal EEG of a 2-month-old boy with Ohtahara syndrome shows bilaterally synchronous suppression-burst pattern both during(above)wakefulness and(below)s
15、leep.Calibrations are 1 second and 50 microvolts.From:Ohtahara:J Clin Neurophysiol,Volume 20(6).November/December 2003.398-407,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,West综合征,3-7个月婴儿多见发育迟缓屈颈、弯腰样发作EEG上呈高峰失律,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrh
16、ythmia,FIG.2.Digital recording of a hypsarrhythmic pattern in a 23-month-old infant.,PLS09 Beijing,China,September 7,2009,Hypsarrhythmia with Increased Interhemispheric Synchronization,FIG.3.Digital recording of hypsarrhythmia with increased interhemispheric synchronization in a 22-month-old infant.
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