大学英语四级写作专讲.ppt

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1、大学英语四级新题型作文专讲,从2012年12月开始，英语四、六级考试采用了“多题多卷”的考试形式。2013年12月份，四、六级考试的试卷结构和测试题型又有了局部调整。,大学英语四级新题型简介,分数说明：1.大学英语四、六级考试是标准相关-常模参照的标准化考试。标准相关体现在：1）试卷各部分的设计和命题参照大学英语的教学要求规定的技能和标准；2）写作和翻译部分的阅卷依据评分标准。常模参照体现在考后各部分的原始分转换成报道分时，分别参照各部分的常模。2.大学英语四、六级考试不设及格线。经过等值处理后的原始总分参照总分常模转换成常模正态分，均值为500、标准差为70，报道总分在220分至710分之间

2、。在将原始分转换成报道分时，各部分采用不同的分数量表，从而使各部分报道分的简单相加之和等于报道总分。,写作部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。写作测试选用考生所熟悉的题材，要求考生根据所提供的信息及提示（如：提纲、情景、图片或图表等）写出一篇短文，四级120-180词。,大学英语四级写作部分简介,作文评分标准：本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：,如何打动阅卷老师？包含所有内容要点，文章脉络清晰；（观点鲜明的开头、由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落紧扣主题的结尾）使用

3、丰富的语法结构和词汇；语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯；格式和语域恰当贴切，书写优雅美观。,大学英语四级写作题材及类型,四级写作的题材具有显著的现实性，基本可以分为两大类：(1).贴近大学生的学习工作及课余生活的校园题材(2).论及当前社会的现象、发展变化及进步的热点话题。,The importance of reading literature/The importance of learning basic skills(2013.6)Education Pays/A Letter Applying for a Bank Loan(2012.12)Due At

4、tention Should Be Given To Spelling(2010.6)Creating a Green Campus(2009.12)Recreational Activities(2008.6)What Electives to Choose(2007.12)Welcome to Our Club(2007.6)Volunteers Needed(2006.6)Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist?(2005.12)Teachers Day(2005.6)A Campaign Speech(2005.1)A Brief

5、 Introduction to a Tourist Attraction(2004.6)A Letter in Reply to a Friend(2004.1),校园题材,Give a brief account of the impact of Internet on communication and explain whether electronic communication can replace face to face contact.(2013.12)Give a brief account of the impact of Internet on education a

6、nd explain why education does not mean learning obtaining information.(2013.12)Give a brief account of the increasing use of mobile phones in peoples life and explain the consequences of overusing mobile phones.(2013.12)The importance of doing small things before undertaking something big(2013.6)Exc

7、essivePackaging(2012.6)Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will(2011.12)Online Shopping(2011.6)How Should Parents Help Children to be Independent?（2010.12）Free admission to museums(2009.6)Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags(2008.12)Spring Festival Gala on CCTV(2006.12)四级作文命题透析,社会热点话题,从类型来看，四级作

8、文主要以议论文和说明文为主，具体形式包括：1.对比论述型 2.对策方法型 3.现象/问题分析型 4.图表/图画分析型 5.叙事型 6.观点论证型 7.应用文型,1.对比论述型,这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通过论述相反的两个观点，或分析评论某一社会现象的优缺点，然后给出自己的见解和看法，是四级考试写作中最常见的作文形式。例如：Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?(2005.12)1.名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3.我认为。,2.对策方法型,对策方法型作文通常首先提出一个有待解决的问题，然后要求

9、考生就该问题提出解决方法、途径，有时还要求考生最后谈论适合自己的方法。这种题型常见的结构模式是：第一段:导言。描述现状、困难，提出问题。第二段:方法。列举说明处理某事的方法或解决某个问题的途径。第三段:评价、建议或个人选择。针对第二段所阐 述的方法给予简要的评论，也可提出个人 建议或选择，并简述理由。注：本题型的写作重点在How,即解决办法。,例如：Directions：For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be I

10、ndependent?You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1.目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2.为了让孩子独立,父母应该How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?(2010.12),3.现象分析型,作文命题是关于某个社会现象或社会问题的，要求考生分析该现象或问题所产生的原因或造成的后果。例1：On Students Selecting Lecturers(2006.6)1.有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师。2.学生选择教师时所

11、考虑的主要因素。3.学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题。,例2：Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Online Shopping.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3我的建议Online Shopping(2011.06),4.图表/图画分析型 图表作文的命题形式是根据图画或者

12、图表，要求考生用简洁、生动的语言把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。然后进行分析和评论，并得出合乎逻辑的结论。写图表作文时，首先要以题目中的要求为指导，审慎读图，准确把握图表传达的信息，将其扩展成文。图表作文往往是以说明为主，图表中的数据是为了说明某个问题而提供的，只要问题能阐释清楚，就不必面面俱到地把所有数据都在文章中引用出来。考生要切忌毫无目的地引用图表中的数据。,图表作文的段落设计1).开头段-说明该图表反映的概况，选择能充分说明主题的典型数据进行概述；2).中间段-对数据进行仔细地分析比较，归纳出增减速率，找出产生变化的原因；3).结尾段-写出看完图表后的想法或评论，得出自己的结

13、论。,例如：2012年12月份题目,As is shown above,the bar chart clearly demonstrates the relationship between the education level and earning in 2010.It is obvious that well-educated persons such as owning Doctoral degree and Masters degreehave a high salary than those who have relatively low degree.Isolated as t

14、he figure seems to be,as a matter of fact,we can observe that the higher level of education you receive,the higher income you get.Peoples opinions about investment in education differ from person to person.Some people say that knowledge could no longer change destiny.To them,it is not only a waste o

15、f money,but also a waste of time.Others deem that education is worthy of investment.As for me it is no doubt that education offers favorable working opportunity and handsome income,which enable us to buy what we want,please what we love,and fulfill what we dream,and correspondingly we are able to bu

16、ild an ideal paradise where life can be enjoyed to the uttermost.In conclusion,we should realize significance of education,which plays a crucial role in personal growth of career.In addition,it is convinced that education is the prospect of a nation.,范文,The importance of reading literature,从2013年6月开

17、始，出现了“漫画”作文，并且是多题多卷。以下是2013年6月三幅漫画：,The importance of doing small things before undertaking something big,The importance of learning basic skills,图画（漫画）作文题要重视审题、布局和主体段三个方面。第一，仔细观察漫画，弄清漫画的寓意，树立文章的论点；第二，安排好文章的结构，以三段布局为宜；第三，掌握常用的主体段展开技巧，进行充分论证。,第一步：读图审题四级漫画作文中的漫画通常反映一个社会现象或生活哲理，要求考生根据自己对漫画的理解来写作。因此，要写好

18、四级漫画作文，审题格外重要。考生在下笔之前要仔细看漫画，弄清漫画的寓意，这是文章切题的保证。,题目一Directions：For this part,youre allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of reading literature.You should write at least 120 words but n

19、o more than 180 words.审题：本题的漫画反映的是一个社会现象。在漫画中，老师把一本厚厚的书交给学生，并对他说：“Just think of it as if youre reading a long text-message.”结合题目中的写作指令（express your views on the importance of reading literature），考生可以得出这幅漫画所反映的社会现象：随着新的电子媒体的出现，文学阅读日渐式微。需要提醒考生的是，漫画中的text-message象征着当代层出不穷的新媒体，这里并不需要对其做过于狭隘的理解。,题目二Direc

20、tions：For this part,youre allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

21、审题：本题的漫画中有一对父子。儿子说：“Dad,Im a bit worried about disposing of nuclear waste.”爸爸说：“If you can empty the dustbin here,you can do anything.”这幅漫画传达的是一个人生道理：想做大事，要先从小事做起。一屋不扫，何以扫天下？如果考生没有从漫画中看出这层意思，也可以结合写作指令（express your views on the importance of doing small things before undertaking something big）看出这一点。,

22、题目三：Directions：For this part,youre allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay.You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and then express your views on the importance of learning basic skills.You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.审题：在本题的漫画中，一位老师正在教一群小

23、学生乘法表，孩子们却面露疑色，其中一个学生向老师表达了大家心中的疑虑：“No offense,but by the time were in the job market,wont that stuff be outdated？”结合写作指令（express your views on the importance of learning basic skills），考生不难看出这幅漫画意在强调学习基本技能的重要性。,第二步：谋篇布局在把握文章的主旨之后，考生就可以构思整篇文章的架构了。四级漫画作文的写作可以分为下面三个段落。第一段：开门见山，简要描述一下漫画内容，并指出漫画的寓意。描述漫画内

24、容是为了揭示其中的寓意，是手段而不是目的，所以描述要简洁明快，一般来说一句话足矣。需要提醒考生的是，写作的Directions部分虽然给出了大致的写作主题，但是也要求考生对漫画进行简要描述，因此考生切不可抛开漫画内容直接展开议论。第二段：表达考生对漫画寓意的看法，这是文章的重心所在。比如，就第一道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段阐述阅读文学作品的重要性；就第二道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段论述为什么凡事必须从小事做起；就第三道写作题目而言，考生应在第二段论述掌握基本技能的重要性。第三段：指出漫画的寓意对大学生的教育意义，或者提出解决问题的建议。考生需要注意的是，结尾段一般并不需要实质性的分析，其主

25、要作用是总结和升华，使文章结构完整。所以结尾段的写作要简明扼要，点到即止。,第三步：重视第二段即核心段落，推荐第二段展开议论的三种方法。1.条分缕析在写作第二段时，考生可以从23个方面对观点展开论述，这种写法可使文章显得层次清楚、条理清晰。例如，第一道题目的第二段需要阐述阅读文学作品的重要性，考生就可以从以下两个方面展开：第一，相对于电子媒体，文学阅读更能培养人的想象力；第二，阅读文学作品能够帮助我们更好地了解社会。请参考下面的范文：There was a time when children could relish literature.But children today can enj

26、oy the sounds and action on a TV or computer screen.“So why bother reading？”some ask.The reason is obvious：It enriches our imagination.When we read a piece of literature，we are living the life of Robin Hood or starting an adventure with Tom Sawyer.In addition，literature is the mirror of society，whet

27、her it be poetry，drama or fiction.We know the society better through literature.,2.举例论证如果漫画所传达的是抽象的人生哲理，那么考生在论述时最好能举出具体的事例，尽量避免空洞的说教。比如，就第二道题目而言，考生可以在第二段中举出一些成功人士如何从小事做起的例子。如下面提供的范文中用到的是哈兰桑德斯上校从一个小吃店做起，最后缔造出遍布全球的肯德基快餐帝国的例子，用以证明只有从小事做起，才能成就大事。请看下面的范文：Everything is small before it is big.A good exampl

28、e is KFC.In 1930 Colonel Harland Sanders began serving food to his service station customers in Corbin，a city in Kentucky.He fried chicken in his own kitchen and perfected his secret recipe there.From the small roadside eatery，he went on to build an empire of fast food.,3.类比论证如果漫画中的寓意不容易通过具体的事例来证明，那

29、么考生还可以使用类比论证的方法，即通过打比方来论证一个抽象的道理。比如，对于第三道题目，考生可以在第二段中用学习打篮球的过程来打比方。学习打篮球时，只有先学会了投球、运球、传球这些基本技能，才能进一步学习高难度的技能。以此类推，无论做任何事情，只有掌握了基本的技能，才可能取得更大的成功。此外，考生还可以举出统计数字，用具体的研究结果来证明论点。请看下面的范文：Simple as they may seem,basic skills serve as the first link in the chain of success.This is analogous to learning to p

30、lay basketball.If shooting，dribbling and passing are not mastered，learning advanced skills will become difficult，if not impossible.A growing body of research has also documented that such basic skills as reading，writing and computing are highly correlated with success later in life.A 2012 study surv

31、eyed 300 CEOs of Fortune 500 companies and found that 87%attributed part of thEir success to the basic skills they learned in primary school.,5.叙事型,叙事类作文一般是要求考生叙述一个时间发生的经过，如车祸、生病或一次难忘的经历，然后谈谈自己的感受或得到的启示。第一段:交代事情发生背景第二段：交代事情发生经过第三段：得出结论(个人感受等),6.观点论证型,证观点类作文一般需要考生按照要求提出论点，通过举例等方式论证观点，最后再对论点进行总结。第一段：提

32、出论点第二段：举例论证第三段：总结观点,7.应用文类型,四级考试中的应用文一般会给出一个特定的情景，要求考生根据该情景写一封短信、倡议书或演说词等。应用文涉及的内容多种多样，但大部分都与日常生活比较贴近,主要包括：投诉信、求职信、求学信、拒绝信、道歉信、感谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、求职信、演说辞、倡议书、海报、景点介绍和日程安排等。从历年真题来看，应用文的考查以信函为主，但近几年也常涉及其他类型，如倡议书、景点介绍等。,1).建议信 模板,右上角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段:交代建议针对的背景事件，说明写信 的目的；针对该事件提出建议，引出 对建议的具体阐述。第二段:具体阐述自己的建议并说明理由

33、。第三段:表达良好的祝愿和期望。右下脚：署名,建议信范文,A Letter to a Schoolmate June 20,2001Dear Xiao Wang：I am very glad to learn that you will visit me soon.Here I am writing to give you my advice about the arrangement for your coming holiday in Hangzhou.In my opinion,West Lake should certainly be your first destination si

34、nce it is such a famous and beautiful place.Then,I suggest you go to Ling yin Temple,Lu he Tower and Yue wang Shrine(庙).Besides,if you have time,Qian dao Lake is also a good site you could not miss.Of course,besides visiting the places of interest,you should taste the local flavor snacks of Hangzhou

35、,like small steamed buns.Finally,I must remind you that you should not leave your belongings unattended since there are so many people on the train and at the railway station.I am sure you will enjoy your visit in Hangzhou.If you have any questions or requirements,do not hesitate to tell me.I am loo

36、king forward to seeing you soon.Truly yours Wang Fang,2)投诉信 模板,右上角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段：表明自己的身份，写信的目的 何事投诉何人或机构。第二段：具体阐述投诉的内容和投诉的理由。第三段：提出解决建议并期望尽快解决，表 示感谢。右下脚：署名,投诉信 范文,A letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus Dec.20,2002Dear President：My name is Li Ming.I am a junior form

37、 the Civil Engineering School.I venture to write you a letter to make a complaint about the canteen service in our school.The focus of the complaint is the poor quality and high price of the food.On one hand,the rice is very hard,the steam bread is often cold,and the vegetables are always overcooked

38、.On the other hand,the price of the food is so high that many poor students are burdened heavily.Under these circumstances,I find it impossible for us students to fully concentrate on the study and enjoy the campus life.I will be very obliged if you can consider my compliant seriously,I do hope the

39、service of the canteen will be much improved as soon as possible.Thank you for your time and kind consideration.Sincerely yours Li Ming,3)拒绝信 模板,右上角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段：交代写信目的，委婉表达自己对邀 请、请求等的拒绝，并向对方表示 谢意。第二段：具体阐述拒绝对方的理由。第三段：希望不会给对方带来不便，向对方 表示抱歉和祝愿。右下脚：署名,拒绝信范文,A Letter Declining a Job Offer Jan.12,2008De

40、ar Mr.Wang：I am very sorry to tell you that I have to decline your job offer.To be honest,it would be a very good chance for me to work in your company.However,the current situation doesnt allow me to do this.This has been a difficult decision for me,but I have to do this.On one hand,I have accepted

41、 another job offer before you informed me of your decision,which is more in line with my skills and career goals.On the other hand,two hours commute(通勤)to your building is really a burden on me.On account of all these,you can understand why I could not accept your offer.I hope this does not cause yo

42、u too much inconvenience.Anyway,I do appreciate your kindness to discuss the details of the position with me and give me time to consider your offer.Meanwhile,I wish that your company would find a more suitable talent as soon as possible.Sincerely yours Jane,4)求职信 模板,右上角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段：交代写信目的，申请某职位，

43、说明获得招聘信息的来源，表达申请职位的愿望。第二段：介绍自己的学习经历、能力和特长，证明自己能够胜任工作。第三段：感谢对方抽出时间和经历，随信附有自己的简历，并愿意提供进一步的信息，希望等到面试的机会。右下脚：署名,求职信 范文,A Job Application Letter June 20,2003To whom it may concern：I am writing to apply for the post of engineer advertised in China Daily,I believe my qualifications are ideal match of your

44、requirements.I will graduate on July 1 of this year form Dong bei University.My major in mechanical engineering and my training in this aspect definitely meet your requirements.In addition to learning the required courses,I have also accepted training in Professional Training Program in my spare tim

45、e.Whats more,I have been an intern student in several companies related to my major,which provided me a great deal of experience in computer applications.I believe my training and experience will enable me to perform better than other candidates who are lack of working experience.I would appreciate

46、your time in reviewing my enclosed resume and if there is any additional information your require,please contact me.I will be very grateful if you can give me a personal interview at your convenience.Sincerely yours Li Hua,5)邀请信 模板,右上角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段:交代写信目的，邀请某人参加某项活动，说明活动的时间和地点，正式向对方那个发出邀请。第二段:介绍事件

47、的具体安排和对方接受邀的必要性。第三段:希望对方能够接受邀请，期望对方的 尽 快答复。右下脚：署名,邀请信范文,An Invitation Letter June 15,2008Dear Li Liang,This June 30th I am going to graduate,so I am going to hold a party on Saturday evening in my house.It would be pleasant to have you here.So interesting will the party be that you cant afford to mi

48、ss it.For one thing,we can have a big meal,sing the popular songs and play games.For another,it also provides a good opportunity for you to meet many friends that you havent seen for a long time.What an important thing it is to get your participation!First,you are my best friend and bring home to me

49、 many things.Second,we havent seen each other for quite a long time and I am eager to see you.The party would not be complete without you!The party will begin at 7:30p.m.Is it possible for us to see you at 7:00 on Saturday evening in my house?I do hope you can come.Sincerely yours,Sun Li,6)道歉信 模板,右上

50、角：日期左上角：称呼正文：第一段：交代写信目的，因某事想某人道 歉，恳请对方接受自己的歉意。第二段：向对方解释导致自己所犯过失或错 误的原因。第三段：希望能够得到对方的理解和原谅，希望有机会补救，并提出补救措施。右下脚：署名,道歉信范文,An apology Letter Jan.24,2009 Dear Mary,I am excessively sorry for my absence yesterday when you come to see me during your trip.Now,I am writing you this letter of apology to show