地质环境与隧道工程的安全(卢耀如).ppt
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1、THE EXPLORATION OF,UNDERGROUND SPACE ANDPREVENTION OF GEOLOGICAL,HAZARDS,LU YAORU,LIU QI,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Tongji University,地质环境与隧道工程的安全,卢耀如 院士,刘琦,中国地质科学院,同济大学地下建筑与工程系,地质环境与地下工程的关系,隧道、地铁等地下空间的开拓与地质环境之间存在着密切的联系,地质环境的特性制约了地下工程的经济与安全,地下空间的开拓应以地质环境作为规划、设计与施工的重要基础,主要内容,对影响隧道工程建设的几种地
2、,质环境进行探讨,分析不同地质环境中进行隧道工程建设可能诱发的工程地质问题,针对隧道等地下空间的开拓提,出了八点建议,一、中国隧道(隧洞),工程的,历史与现状,History and,Present Situationof tunnel in China,Before 3600 years,the tunnel,system for mining mineralresources had already,reached higher level,whichsome structural wood systemare still remained in Daye,Hubei province,C
3、hina.,Ancient tunnel system for mining,copper are still exited in Daye,Hubei,中国具有五千多年的文明历史,对,隧道等地下空间的开拓已有长久的,历史,在湖北的大冶地区,目前仍保留有,三千一百多年前西周时期的开矿巷,道,深度达到地下二十至六十多,米,有四百多座竖井、斜井和上千,条平巷,纵横交错,层层叠压,显,示了开凿隧道的高超技术,井巷结构示意图,湖北大冶铜绿山古代矿井和炉渣分布图,(湖北黄石市博物馆潘红耘、周百灵、周保权 供稿)(卢耀如,1986),中国古代地下隧道的开挖还用于帝王陵墓的,建造,通过修建隧道在战争中用于攻
4、城等。,目前,地下空间的开拓已遍及各个方面。在,水利水电建设方面,大型引水隧洞长的达,41km,大型发电隧洞长度达17km以上,埋,深达2500多m。铁道建设方面,隧道至少长,度在10km以上,已建成的有20多km,拟建,设的还有35km以上的。,中国许多城市正在大力发展地铁建设,城市,地下空间的开拓显示了其多功能性,In ancient China,the,developments of sub-surfacewere mainly for the purposesrelated to mining mineralresources,emperor tombs,war,water conse
5、rvancy etc.,In present,the multi-,purposes of sub-surface,developments are related towater conservancy andhydropower,railway,expressway,storing,materials,recreation areas,etc,Urban ground,Expresswaynetwork inthe suburband exurb,Surface orundergroundParking inthe exurb,Exploration ofundergroundspace,
6、transportationnetworkJoined bysurface andundergroundTransportation,Underground,Subway construction,networkUnderground,business district,recreation areas,Underground green spaceHuman underground living space,The sketch shows the purposes structure,of sub-surface development,连,远郊及邻区高速公路网络,地表或地下的郊区汽车停车
7、场,地下空间开拓地下铁道建设,城市地面交通网地表与 交地 通下 网相 络,地下商业区,地下娱乐区,地 下 绿 地人类地下生存的地下空间中国城市地下空间开拓的功能示意图,In long and deeptunnels,the most,important problems arerelated to geo-,environment andgeohazards,二、主要几种地质环境对,隧道工程的影响,SEVERAL MAIN GEO-ENVIRONMENTS TOINFLUENCE TUNNELS,在长、大、深埋的隧道(隧洞)建设中,遇到的地质环境问题是多方面的,既影响到工程造价、工期,也危及隧
8、道的施工与运行期间的安全,1SAND AND GRAVEL,FORMATION,1砂卵石层地基,砂性基岩的稳定问题,STABILITY OF SANDFOUNDATION,砂卵石层为渗流的动水压力冲刷管涌的分析,LIQUEFACTION AND PIPINGHAZARD OF SAND,FOUNDATION IN SUBWAYCONSTRUCTION,It is needed to,point out that thefeatures of threephrases flow.,三相流,THREE PHRASES FLOW,0,For the compressed gas mass:,ddt,
9、t,+,Vx,x+,y,Vy+,z,+Vz,所以,div V=,-1 d dt,When the start velocity V0 0,then the compressed gas mass has aspeed trend.,For the un-compressed waterand rockmasses:,Vz+z,Vxx,+,Vyy,0,(density)=,ddt,0,div V 0,o,Compressed gas mass pressure Pa:,Pa a A Pof(Ra,a)dA,(8.34a),,f(Ra,a)dA气团体积变化函数;Po原始压强;o原始密度;Pa高压气
10、团压强;a高压气团的密度。,式中,GE上面覆盖的可能破坏的岩土体重力;GR库水作用下可增加荷载重力。所以:,R,ao,A(GE+GR)f(Ra,a)dA,(8.36),产生气爆地震类型时,需要使,产生的气爆剪切破坏力a为:,-,a(a)+Fa CR(8.36),式中,Fa产生诱发地震破裂岩体的断面面积;CR破坏岩体,的凝聚力。,j=1,By multi-factors to evaluate the earthquake,to be caused by the reservoir,Ce(,n R Iii=1,mPIi/n+R Dj PDj/m)/2,(8.37),Es=EwCeKc,式中Ce对
11、比评判系数;RIi间接因素i项的比值;PIi 间接因素i项的权重;RDJ直接因素j项的比值;PDJ间接因素j项的权重;Kc岩溶发育中差异系数;Ew地震条件方面差异系数;Es预测地震震级。,地下水等水位线图,成都市第四系潜水,砂卵石层对隧道工程的危害主要有:,(1)隧道施工排水引起周边沙层的机械管,涌与塌陷;,(2)沙层的溃入诱发大量地下水邻近河,水的溃入;,(3)不同结构的沙层地质,诱发不均匀沉,陷,影响隧道安全;,(4)沙层中夹有大块卵石对盾构施工产生,影响,甚至卡住刀片,The hydrodynamic conditions,of percolating flow in sandand g
12、ravel formation are,easily caused the liquefactionand piping,when the tunnelsto be digging to through them.,For the higher dynamic,condition and the,liquefaction feature of sand,deposit in larger river,therefore it is not suitable to,construct the tunnel by,immersed tube method.,湍急河道下砂卵石层对隧道安全分析图,长江
13、中,水流湍急。在砂卵石层中开挖槽,建沉管法隧道砂卵石层不易保持边坡稳定河流中,砂卵石层易于蠕动使上覆卵石层厚度发生变化沉管底砂卵石层,易受流速快的砂卵石层中水流的绕流,而发生潜蚀,使沉管产生不均匀的压应力而破坏,对厚的砂层进行隧道明挖时,需要考虑三个问题:,(1)抽水初始水位下降诱发潜蚀、冲刷和地,面沉降;,(2)大量抽水后,水位下降缓慢,形成压力水头H,这时易于诱发下部的大量砂层溃入;,(3)下部有相对隔水层时,由于上部隧道抽水降低水压,下部高压水汇合;透水层隆起,产生向上大量越流补给,危及隧道的运行,For the sand formation to bedigging,the harmf
14、ulphenomena will appear inthree ways:,1.The ground water table may,decrease by pumping to appearthe piping;,2.The ground water table will contain,the water head for the much waterflow to be pumping in tunnel orfoundation pit;,3.By pumping for long time,the lower,confined,sand and gravel aquifermay h
15、appen the leakage flow tothe bottom of upper tunnel tocause more hazard.,砂层对隧道(深基坑)产生灾变危害分析图,Analysis of the sand formation to harm,the foundation pit(deep foundation),A-collapse zone of tunnel roof,B-piping zone in tunnel both sides,C-strong water-sand invasion zone,D-emerging leakage water-sand zo
16、ne in tunnel bottom,2软土地基,2SOFT CLAY FORMATION,For the higher watery,feature of soft clay,the mostimportant problem is theliquefaction and creep,deformation to influence thefoundation stability.,A tunnel under the lake in softclay formation,owing to thestones about 20 cm to,influence the shield to c
17、ut thesoft clay,then the collapsewas happened,and the lakewater was invaded into thetunnel.,Shield tunneling,Analysis of the water invade induced by,the creep deformation resulted fromtunnel driving in soft clay formation,软土基础的,稳定性问题,Stability of soft soilfoundation of atunnel,The larger stone in so
18、ft soil to,influence the shield in normal,在滨海相、湖相古地质环境中:,沉积的软土多处于相对运动缓慢,或相对停滞的水环境中,颗粒细,孔隙度大,土质软弱,,含水量大,易于产生蠕变,凝聚力很小,基,本上可不计,在这种土层中修建隧道,需要考虑的工程地质问题有:,(1)土性软弱,经受隧道的荷载易于产生沉,陷,由于厚度变化,产生的不均匀沉陷对隧道内衬砌等结构造成形变;,(2)由于软土的蠕变也会对隧道的结构产生,影响,及时衬砌和支护都是非常重要的;,(3)软土经常处在地下的还原环境下,微生,物作用等易于产生甲烷气体,这些气体聚集于软土层空隙中,隧道掘进时易发生有害
19、气体的溃入,甚至遇到火种后引起爆炸,上海地区软土层中存在甲烷气的,地质剖面图(叶为民等,2001),对于软土,当隧道长度不长时,利用盾构易于穿越,若隧道穿越软土的长度较长时,由于软土的蠕变特性,会产生超量切削,于是在隧道盾构掘进的前方会产生蠕变凹槽,若软土层厚度不太大时,易于诱发上部海水活河水大量溃入隧道。,盾构穿越软土层,风险是必须要考虑的,For the feature of soft clay,formation,to dig the long tunnelby shield method,the,dangerous trend is to form thedepression in t
20、he soft clay andto lead the sea water or lakewater to harm the tunnel.,软土层掘进隧道产生蠕变凹槽诱发溃水灾害分析图,Other ways,the tunnel insoft clay bed,the unevenland subsidence in a veryimportant problems,whichmay cause the harm to thetunnels.,软土基础的不均匀沉降,(陈基炜和詹龙喜,2000),Uneven land subsidence in soft clay,formation,(Ch
21、en Jiwei,Zhan Longxi,2000),For the long tunnels underthe sea water,the activityof fault,earthquake,arealso needed to study.,海底盾构诱发海水入侵机理分析,For the long tunnels,under the sea water,theactivity of fault,earthquake,are alsoneeded to study.,3碳酸盐岩地层,3KARSTIFIED CARBONATE,ROCK FORMATIONS,Resulted by the f
22、ive pairs ofspecial feactures related tokarst water:,五个对立统一特征,1.The isolated and semi-,isolated water flow and,the unified water table,It has been shown in plenty of informationin China that karst water flows in not a fewareas not only stand in isolated and semi-isolated situations but also have the
23、 sameunified ground water table.Both exist inunification under specified conditions whenthe Earths crust is stable;otherwise,theywill convert to each other.,Karst water flow under aunified ground water tableoften converter into,separate water flows due tothe uplifting of the earthcrust and the under



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