副词及副词的基本用法.ppt
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1、副词与副词的基本用法,副词用来表示动作行为的方式、时间和处所,对形容词和副词在程度上加以描绘,真实生动地反映动作行为及所陈述事情的性质特征。1 副词的作用 1A 副词一般用来修饰动词、形容词、其它副词、介词短语和句子,在句中作状语,表示时间、地点、方式;也可以修饰整个句子,表示说话人对话语的态度和看法,就是用副词词组做评注性状语;做连接性状语,这种副词词组的中心词叫做连接副词conjunctive adverb.eg.“Dont do that again.”he said quietly and firmly.(修饰动词)“以后别再那样做了。”他说,口气温和但很坚定。This is a fa
2、irly easy book.(修饰形容词)这是一本比较浅易的书。Its heart beats very slowly.(修饰副词)(它的)心脏跳得很慢。Lincoln was active in politics and was strongly against slavery.(修饰介词短语)林肯积极参加政治活动,强烈反对奴隶制度。Actually he is a person of honesty.(修饰句子)事实上,他是个诚实的人。,6.1B 副词也可用以修饰名词和代词,在句中作定eg.All the people here are learning English.(修饰名词)所有
3、这儿的人都在学英语。The policemen didnt search anything upstairs.(修饰代词)警察没有搜查楼上的6.1C 副词在句中也可作表语和宾语补足语eg.Is anybody in?里面有人吗?You may make it home here.你不妨把这儿当作家一样。,6.2 副词的分类副词,按照词的构成,分为简单副词simple adverb和派生副词derivative adverb;绝大多数副词都是派生词,adj.+ly构成,carefully;angrily;politely;少数由单词素构成,与形容词同形,early,late,fast,hard;
4、副词可以根据它们的意思和用途分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、频度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词6.2A 时间副词(The Adverb of Time)时间副词表示行为动作发生的时间,常可回答when 引导的问句,时间副词有表示确切时间和模糊时间两种。(1)表示确切时间:now,then,today,tonight,yesterday,tomorrow,before,this week,last month,next year,the other day,just now,two days ago等(2)表示模糊时间:already,yet,late,early,soon,fi
5、nally,recently,presently,immediately等。,6.2B 地点副词(The Adverb of Place)地点副词表示行为动作发生的地点,常可回答where 引导的问句。地点副词有表示确切地点和表示位置关系两种。(1)表示确切地点:here,there,home,downstairs,abroad,everywhere,nowhere,indoors等。(2)表示位置关系:up,down,in,by,across,below.over,out,around,away,off,inside,past,through,behind等。注(1):表示位置关系的副词也通
6、常具备介词功能。在句中作副词还是介词用,主要区别于:,a,如果这类词后面跟有宾语,就是介词;eg.They dragged heavy stones with ropes over their shoulders.他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。You will not see all the animals all through the winter.整个冬天你不会看到所有这些动物。For some days,he stayed in his cave behind his wall.他在墙后面的洞里呆了好几天。The child was running after his father.这小孩跟在
7、他你亲后面跑。,b,如果这类词与不及物动词构成一个动词词组,后面不跟有宾语,就是副词;c,如果这类词与及物动词构成一个带有新意的动词词组,就是副词。eg.The lesson is over.下课了。Ive read the book through.我已看完这本书。He hurried home,looking behind from time to time as he went.他赶紧回家,一边走一边不时的向后看。They arrived soon after.不一会儿,他们就赶到了。,6.2C 方式副词(The Adverb of Manner)大多数方式副词由形容词和分词加后缀构成,
8、也有些方式副词与形容词在词形和词义上完全相同,但句法作用不同,常可回答how引导的问句。1)形容词加ly后缀构成:badly,slowly,proudly,carefully,rapidly,attentively,calmly,warmly,sadly,angrily,happily,suddenly等。2)分词加后缀ly构成:surprisingly,admiringly,hurriedly,unexpectedly等。3)与形容词同形近义:fast,hard,well,early,slow,quick,high,straight,alone,wide,direct,far等。注:与形容词
9、同形近义的副词在句中一般作状语,表示行为动作的方式,对动词加以描绘和说明,而形容词则在句中作定语、表语和宾语补足语,反映所限定名词的性质特征。,1)作形容词eg.The work is hard.这工作很艰苦。The long straight stems of bamboo are not like tree wood.竹子又长又直的躯干不象树木。The spaceship leaves the earth at very high speed.宇宙飞船高速离开地球。She spoke in a low voice.她低声说话。2)作副词eg.You should study hard an
10、d be good students.你们应该刻苦学习,做好学生。He went straight to school.他径直去学校。The plane flew high.这飞机飞得很高。She read too low to be heard.她读书声音太低,别人听不见。,6.2D 程度副词(The Adverb of Degree)程度副词大多用来修饰形容词和副词,就其反映的事情在程度上加以描绘,通常也可回答how引导的问句。常见的程度副词有:very,much,quite,little,so,too,enough,half,rather,fairly,pretty,entirely,t
11、otally,greatly,deeply,hardly,wholly,slightly,scarcely,almost等。注:在上面几类副词中,有些副词有两种词形:一种与相应的形容词同形,另一种由相应的形容词(或副词)加后缀构成。这两种词形的副词,有些在含义上基本相近,另一些在含义上则截然不同。,1)在含义上相近的副词:,high highly,low lowly,firm firmly,deep deeply,near nearly,short shortly,fair fairly,direct directly,quick quickly,loud loudly,slow slowly
12、,straight straightly等。一般来说,与形容词同形的副词表示比较具体的概念,而加后缀ly构成的副词则含有抽象或引申的意义。试比较下列的句子:The boy climbed very high.那男孩爬得很高。The government thinks highly of you invention.政府对你的发明评价很高。Youve shot too low.Try a second time.你射得太低,再试一下。Why on earth are we lowly paid?究竟为何给我们低报酬?She came near to me.她向我靠近。The job is nea
13、rly finished.这工作快干完了。The train goes direct to Shanghai.这趟列车直开上海。Answer me directly.直接回答我的问题。They worked deep into the night.他们工作到深夜。We were deeply moved by his heroic deeds.我们被他的英勇事迹深深打动了。,2)在含义上不同的副词:hard hardly,just justly,late lately,most mostly,pretty prettily等。试比较下列句子:They pretended to work har
14、d.他们佯装卖力地干活。I can hardly understand what they are talking about.我几乎不懂他们在谈论些什么。Hes just arrived.他刚到。He was justly punished.他受到了应有的惩罚。The money will be given to those who need it most.这钱将给那些最需要的人。The people who live in Antarctica are mostly visiting scientists.在南极生活的人大多数是在进行考察的科学家。He seldom comes late
15、.他难得迟到。I havent heard from my parents lately.最近我没有收到父母的来信。,6.2E 频度副词(The Adverb of Frequency)频度副词表示行为动作发生的频度,常可回答how often 引导的问句。常见的频度副词有:often,always,usually,sometimes,seldom,never,rarely,frequently,occasionally,once a week,twice a day,every other month等。,6.2F 疑问副词(The Interrogative Adverb)疑问副词用来引导
16、一个特殊疑问句,表示时间、地点、方式、原因等。疑问副词有:when,where,how和why.When are the men coming from London?从伦敦来的人什么时候到?Where have you been all these years?这些年你到哪儿去啦?How are you getting along with you English?你的英语学习怎么样?注:疑问副词how也可以与一些形容词、副词合在一起引导一个特殊疑问句。如:How often do you go to see your uncle?你多久去看望一次你叔叔?How long will he l
17、ive in Nanjing?他将在南京住多久?How soon will your father come back home?你父亲还要多久才会到家?,6.2G 连接副词(The Conjunctive Adverb)连接副词用来引导一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句,表示从句中行为动作发生的时间、地点、方式、原因等。常见的连接副词有:when,where,whenever,wherever,how和why等。Why he insisted on going there alone wasnt quite clear.(引导主语从句)他为什么要坚持孤身一人到那里去不太明白。Can
18、you tell us when and where he received theMasters Degree?(引导宾主从句)你可以告诉我们他是在何时何地获得硕士学位的吗?This is how she did it.(引导表语从句)这就是她怎样做这事的。Come to us whenever you are in trouble.(引导状语从句)无论你什么时候遇到麻烦,尽可来找我们。,6.2H 关系副词(The Relative Adverb)关系副词用来引导一个定语从句,对所修饰的先行词在时间、地点和原因上加以限制和说明。关系副词有:when,where和why.Do you reme
19、mber one afternoon ten years ago when I come to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得十年前的一个下午我到你家借钻石项链的事吗?The factory where my father works is in the west of the city.我父亲工作的那家工厂座落在城西。Nobody knew the reason why he was absent from the party.没有人知道他为什么没来参加聚会。,除了上述八类副词,还能见到如surely,certainly,pro
20、bably等确定性副词和therefore等结果副词。,6.3 副词的位置英语的词序是相对固定的,但是,副词在句中的位置却比较自由和灵活。一般来说,英语的副词有三种位置,即前位、中位和后位。6.3A 前位:副词的前位是指把副词放在句首位置。副词前位的情况有1)在故事的开端Once upon a time there were six blind men who lived in a village in India.从前,有六个瞎子住在印度的一个村子里。Many many years ago there lived a king.很久很久以前,有一个国王。,2)为了强调或进行对比Quickly
21、 he ran towards school and again he was late.他迅速向学校跑去,但又迟到了。3)为了平衡句子Under the tree over there sat a group of foreigners.在那边的树下坐着一群外国人。Usually at the beginning of school,the noise of desks being opened and closed,and lesson repeated at the top of the childrens voices could be heard out in the street.
22、平常,在开始上课时,在街上就可以听见书桌的开关声音和孩子们高声念书的声音。,4)在倒装句中Away flew the bird.鸟飞走了。Seldom did he go to the cinema years ago.几年前,他很少去看电影。Only in this way can we work out the problem.只有用这种方法,我们才能算出这道题。(5)在感叹句和特殊疑问句中How quickly time has gone by!时间过得多快啊!How well do you understand this lesson?对这篇课文你能理解多少?,6.3B 中位:副词的中
23、位是指把副词放在谓语动词前后的位置。副词中位的情况有1)位于行为动词前Hibernating animals hardly make any movement.冬眠的动物几乎没有运动。Do you always go to work without breakfast?你经常不吃早饭就去上班吗?2)位于连系动词和第一助词后The guest is still in your office,waiting for you.客人还在你办公室里等你呢。He has often been told to do such a thing.他经常被差遣干这种事。,3)位于非谓语形式前(通常有否定副词not
24、和never)The pupil promised never to play truant again.那个小学生保证再也不逃学了。I regret not being able to help you.我遗憾没能帮助你。4)在答句中,助动词单独用来替代完全的谓语时,位于助动词前”Do you believe in him?-I never have and I never will.“你信任他吗?”“我从未信任过他,我永远也不会信任他的。”,6.3C 后位:副词的后位是指把副词放在句尾位置。副词后位的情况有1)位于不及物动词后The girl reads clearly and corre
25、ctly.这个女孩子念得又清楚又正确。2)位于及物动词的宾语后Ill look the word up in the dictionary.我将在词典里查这个词。Can you finish the work today?你们今天能完成这项工作吗?注:(1)有时一个句子中会出现多个副词或副词词组,它们的词序应该是:方式副词地点副词时间副词。如:They played the game wonderfully here last night.昨晚他们在这儿打得非常精彩。如果谓语动词是表示方位性的,它们的词序则是:地点副词方式副词时间副词。如:He left home hurriedly on a
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