分子系统学的新进展.ppt
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1、分子系统学的新进展,黄原2006-9,主要内容,1 DNA条形码2 组装生命之树3 谱系基因组学4 系统发育信息学5 系统发育分类学6 系统发育生物学,DNA条形码DNA barcode,什么是DNA条形码?,能够用于识别和鉴定某一类群所有物种的一段DNA序列.DNA条形码是由DNA序列上A、C、G和T 4种碱基组成及其次序决定的。,DNA条形码标记的要求,在某一类群的所有物种中都有这段DNA序列.必须是物种特异性的.可以使用简便的方法进行研究.在物种之间长度变异不大.,建议的DNA条形码标记,COI gene18S rRNA gene16S rRNA gene,COI基因是首选标记,COI
2、基因5约648bp.COI 不适用于植物.COI在两栖类进化速度很高,不适用于两栖类.,DNA条形码识别原理,建立地球上所有物种的DNA条形码数据库测定待鉴定标本的条形码序列将待鉴定标本的条形码序列与条形码数据库中的所有记录进行比对根据比对结果中与最近邻居的条形码差异做出结论:已知物种或未知物种。,DNA条形码的意义,快速而准确的识别和鉴定物种使非专业人员也能鉴定物种野外物种识别,DNA条形码是技术而非科学,DNA条形码仅供物种识别.DNA条形码应该跟物种学名一样有承载它的凭证标本(vouchered specimen)或在微小型种类中有数码图象凭证.DNA条形码序列应该提交到专门的条形码数据
3、库中.根据DNA条形码进行物种识别的前提条件是已经测得并建立了相关类群所有物种的条形码标记的数据库.,DNA条形码识别中存在的困难,Input order alters resultsEuclidean distances?Mitochondrial heteroplasmyIdentical sequences in different speciesIntrogressionHybrid speciationIncomplete lineage sortingNUMTs-Nuclear Pseudogenes,DNA条形码国际组织,生物条形码联合体CBOL-Consortium for t
4、he Barcode of Life:22国家的45 研究机构2004年首届会议:London meeting(7th-9th of February)有46个国家的220名代表参加。目标Goals 加速DNA条形码的研究建立向公众开放的DNA条形码数据库促进条形码识别根据的开发http:/Funded by Sloan Foundation,The Barcode of Life Database(BoLD)has 32,000+sequences,(12,000 spp+).,Projects examples,Birds of the World:DNA barcodes have be
5、en determined for most of the bird species of North America and a new effort has been mounted by Rockefeller University,the University of Guelph,and the Smithsonian Institution.Their collective goal is to obtain DNA barcodes for 10,000 bird species by 2010.Fish-Bol:An“All Fishes”initiative has been
6、undertaken by an international collaboration organized by Paul Hebert at the University of Guelph.The Sloan Foundation has awarded support for a June 2005 workshop aimed at planning a barcode project for 500,000 specimens and more than 20,000 species.,Neighbor-Joining Tree of Genetic Distances in CO
7、IAmong and Within 100 Hominidae.,Ten species in one:DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly,Differences in DNA barcodes help create trees showing genetic distances between species.,DNA分类学(DNA Taxonomy),定义:应用DNA序列作为唯一数据来描述和定义分类单元。,2.组装生命之树,Assembling the Tree of Lif
8、e(ATOL),Tree of Life:10M species,David Hillis,Science 300:1687(2003),现在是组装地球上所有生物的系统发育树的时候,基因组学和DNA测序技术已经能够满足组装生命之树所需要的数据.生物信息学的理论和方法已经能够满足组装生命之树需要的计算和数据管理任务,Assembling the Tree of Life,NSF Proposal:Phylogeny&predictive classification for life on earthin 10-15 years,The Assembling the Tree of Life(A
9、ToL)Program,construct a universal Tree of Life for all 1.7 million named species of living organisms on earth.capitalize on new computational and genomic technologies.encompass all microbes,fungi,protists,animals and plants.,Funding with Core programs,Funding with AToL,Two Types of Proposals,Taxon B
10、asedAddress complex phylogenetic problems for a major taxon that have been resistant to solution using past approaches Tree-building method not specifiedManagement plan,Analytical or PhyloinformaticsData analysisData acquisitionData sharingData storage,BIO Homepage-http:/www.nsf/bio,2002 AToL Awards
11、:7 Projects Funded,Bacteria Non-seed Plants Fungi Nematodes Spiders and Scorpions Birds Dinosaurs,NSF:ASSEMBLING THE TREE OF LIFE(ATOL)PROGRAM,Bacteria.Tree of Life for bacteria.Eu-Tree.Assembling the Tree of eukaryotic microbial diversity(protists).Chloroplast Genomics.Sequence and analyse whole ch
12、loroplast genomes of 55 species of land plants(Embryophytes).The Green Tree of Life.Tree of Life for Green Plants(Chlorobionta).Angiosperms.Tree of Life for Flowering Plants.AFToL.Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life,i.e.for mushrooms,yeasts,molds etc.Cypriniformes.Phylogeny of cypriniform fishes.Amph
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