光伏材料物理-量子点太阳能电池.ppt
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1、量子点太阳能电池,量子点的概念量子点(QuantumDots一QDs)是准零维的纳米材料,由少量的原子所构成。是指颗粒半径(或三个维度的尺寸)小于材料激子玻尔半径的金属或半导体颗粒,其内部电子在各方向上的运动都受到局限,所以量子局限效应特别显著。由于量子局限效应会导致类似原子的不连续电子能级结构,因此量子点又被称为“人造原子”。如果将某一个维度的尺寸缩到小于一个波长,此时电子只能在另外两个维度所构成的二维空间中自由运动,这样的系统我们称之为量子阱;如果我们再将另一个维度的尺寸缩到小于一个波长,则电子只能在一维方向上运动,我们称之为量子线;当三个维度的尺寸都缩到一个波长以下时,就成为量子点了。,
2、能态密度对于不同维度的电子体系,许多独特的光学性质来源于它们的态密度。态密度是指单位体积在能量E附近单位能量间隔内的电子态数。每一个量子态可被自旋向上和向下的两个电子所占据。,Quantum well:particle confined by a 1-D potential well,but free in other 2-D,quantum states labeled by n,kx and ky:,Each n represents a branch or subband,Quantum wire:particle confined by 2-D potential wells,free
3、 only in 1-D(1-D free particle),quantum states labeled by n1,n2 and kz:,Quantum dot:particle confined by potential wells in 3-D,quantum states labeled n1,n2 and n3:,All discrete levels,like in atom,量子点的制备方法,自组成法(self-assembly method):采用分子束外延或化学气相沉积过程,并利用晶格不匹配的原理,使量子点在特定基材表面自聚生长,可大量生产排列规则的量子点。,在GaAs基
4、材上以自组成法生长 InAs量子点的STM影像,量子点的制备方法,微影蚀刻法以光束或电子束直接在基材上蚀刻制作出所要之图案,由于相当费时因而无法大量生产。,以GaAs基材蚀刻窄圆柱式量子点之SEM影像,水平线条约0.5微米,量子点的制备方法小结,合成方法,Top-down,Bottom-up,晶体表面刻蚀,组成器件,化学制备,生物体系标记,波长范围宽,发射峰尖锐,发射波长可以通过纳米粒子粒径调节,易于自组织,Relaxing Electron Emits Fixed Radiation Electrons relax back to the top edge of the valence ba
5、nd from the bottom edge of the conduction band.This causes the fixed emission peak of semiconductors.,Bulk Semiconductors-A Fixed Range of Energies,Quantum Dots-Quantum Confinement,If the size of a semiconductor crystal becoes small enough that it approaches the size of the materials Exciton Bohr Ra
6、dius.The electron energy levels can no longer be treated as continuous-treated as discrete,meaning that there is a small and finite separation between energy levels.This situation of discrete energy levels is called quantum confinement,and under these conditions,Concept of Quantum Confinement Effect
7、,:,Coulomb energy,Particle-in-a-SP quantum localization energy,Bohr exciton radius,R,e,mh*,me*,R,E,r,0,2,2,2,2,4,786,.,1,1,1,2,e,pe,p,-,+,=,D,h,1,1,4,2,0,2,r,B,mh*,me*,e,a,+,=,e,e,p,h,Exciton energy,Eg=Eg.bulk+E,For semiconductors,aB is in a few nm to a few 10-nm,Excitons:electron and hole bound tog
8、ether like a hydrogen atom Hamiltonian of exciton,A Tunable BandgapAccording to size of quantum dot semiconductor will measurably alter the bandgap energy a tunable bandgap!This is possible as long as the size of the dot is close to or below the Exciton Bohr Radius.,Exciton Bohr Diameter,Size Depend
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- 材料 物理 量子 太阳能电池
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