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1、英语语法基础,第五讲 非谓语动词动名词,动名词即动词的名词形式。虽然是动词,但它在句子中承担名词的功能,用作主语、表语、宾语、定语。有些动名词甚至已转化为名词,因此可以有复数形式,前面可以有冠词,或是被定语修饰。同时,它仍具有动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。,一、动名词的形式,动名词由动词原形加-ing 构成,与现在分词同形。动名词在句子中不能单独作谓语,没有人称、数和时态的变化。但是,动名词有一般式、完成式,同时还有主动式和被动式之分。下面以动词make为例进行说明:,例:She likes playing tennis.That bird was so lucky that it wa
2、s just missed being caught.,二、动名词的用法,动名词可以与它的宾语、状语共同构成动名词短语。动名词和动名词短语在句子中可以做主语、表语、宾语或定语。动名词作主语 动名词作表语 动名词作宾语 动名词作定语,(1)动名词作主语,例:Reading aloud is necessary for you to improve your English.,动名词或动名词短语作主语时,有时用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语移至句尾。例:Its no use talking with him.He is too stubborn.常用于这种结构的词有:,在There is no 句
3、型中,也可以用动名词做主语,表示“不能”。例:There is no denying that he has made much progress.,(2)动名词作表语,例:Her hobby is collecting stamps.注:动名词和不定式都可以作主语、表语或宾语,它们的区别是:表示比较抽象的一般行为时,多用动名词。例:Smoking is prohibited here.表示较具体的某个动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。例:If you want to smoke,please go to the smoking carriage.,(3)动名词作宾语,有些动词后面只能跟动
4、名词作宾语,不能跟不定式。这些动词必须逐一认真记忆。只能跟动名词作宾语的常用动词有:,例:She tried to avoid meeting him again.,(3)动名词作宾语,A.动词跟在介词后面,作介词宾语时,必须用动名词的形式。因此,许多短语动词后,只能用动名词作宾语。如:,B.有一些动词后面的宾语,只能是不定式,而决不能是动名词。只能跟不定式作宾语的常用动词有:,(3)动名词作宾语,D.有些动词后面,不定式和动名词都可以作它的宾语,但是,它们的意思完全不同,需要特别注意。下面以几个重要的词为例:remember(记着)和forget(忘记):remember和forget是一组
5、反义词。两次用法一样:在表示记着或忘记去做一件事的时候(此事还没做),后接不定式;记着或忘记一件做过的事的时候(此事已经做过),后接动名词。Remember(Dont forget)to bring that book for me tomorrow.I remember(dont forget)meeting him somewhere before.,(3)动名词作宾语,regret:表示对已经做过或发生的事情的后悔时,用动名词;对要做的事情或将要出现的某些情况表示歉意、遗憾时,用不定式。I regret spending so much money on clothing.I regre
6、t to say I can not go to your party.stop:表示停止正在做着的事情时,用动名词;表示停止(正在做着的事情)去做另一件事情时,用不定式。用A代表正在做着的事,B代表要去做的事,则:stop to do sth.的意思就是stop doing A to do B。在这个句型中,to do B实际上是一个目的状语。Stop talking please.The meeting will begin.When he met an old friend of his in the street,he stopped to talk with him.,(3)动名词作
7、宾语,mean:后接动名词,表示“意味着”;后接不定式,表示“打算干”。If you dont do it right now,itll mean waiting for another year.He did not mean to go to her party.try:后接不定式,表示“设法、努力去做”;后接动名词,表示“尝试着做”。Its dangerous to try driving in the street before you get the driving license.They try to finish this project before the arrival
8、of the rainy season.,(3)动名词作宾语,want:后接不定式,表示“想要”;后接动名词,它的意思与need相同,表示“需要”。I want to buy a new bike.The classroom wants repairing.help:cant help doing是一个固定短语,表示“禁不住做某事”。只是在用这个结构时,help 后面才能接动名词。一般情况下,help 后接不定式,表示“帮助做某事”,这时带不带to 都可以。She couldnt help crying when she heard that sad news.I am sorry I can
9、t help(to)fix your TV set.,(4)动名词作定语,动名词可以单独作定语修饰一个名词。此时,动名词位于它所修饰的名词之前。例:There is a swimming pool in the high school.动名词和它所修饰的名词一起构成合成名词。如:,介词和动名词可以构成介词短语作定语。例:She is lucky to get an opportunity of studying in Beijing.,三、动名词的否定式,动名词的否定形式是直接在动名词前加not,即:not doing sth.。例:Would you mind not using your
10、cell phone here?,四、动名词的完成式和被动式的用法,A.动名词的完成式:当动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作或情况之前,要用动名词的完成式。动名词的完成式的结构是:having done sth.。He regretted having wasted so much time when he was young.,四、动名词的完成式和被动式的用法,B.动名词的被动式:动名词一般式的被动形式:being done He dislikes being interrupted when he is writing.动名词完成式的被动形式:having been doneHe c
11、omplained about having been kept waiting for a long time.,五、动名词的逻辑主语,A.一般动名词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语:I remember turning off the light.B.句子中没有明确的逻辑主语时,该句通常表示的一种普遍现象:Reading aloud is important in learning English.,五、动名词的逻辑主语,C.有时动名词所表示的动作不是句子主语发出的,而是另外的人或物。这时,就要在动名词前加上自己的逻辑主语,指明动名词所表示的动作是由谁做出的。通常用作动名词逻辑主语的词类是:物主代词、名词所有格,有时也可以用名词的普通格或人称代词的宾格。Would you mind my opening the widow?Would you mind opening the widow?Mikes giving up his job surprised us all.I dont like young ladies/them/their smoking.注:当逻辑主语是无生命的东西或是较长的名词词组时,只能用普通格,不用所有格。,
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