基础英语语法7虚拟语气与倒装.ppt

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1、Lesson Seven,虚拟语气倒装,英语中有三种不同的语气,陈述语气,祈使语气,虚拟语气,表示动作或状态与事实相反，或不可能发生的情况。,I am in love with a girl named Cathy.If I were a millionaire,I would choose to live in Italy.Go and close the window.,虚拟语气概述,虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：a.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。b.与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要

2、求做到、必须做到这样的含义。虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。,If I bought a ticket,I would be on board.,If I were on board,I should sail for America.,If I had a lot of money,I could buy a ticket.,If I worked hard,I might have money.,虚拟从句内容,1）If条件句2）Wish从句3）表强制语气宾语从句4）其他特定英语句型,虚拟语气在条件句中的应用,真实条件句条件句可

3、分为两类 非真实条件句 非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。,summary:,一虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中,1.表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生，条件状语从句：一般过去时（虚拟语气中bewere）主句用：would(should,could,might)+动词原形。If we had time now,we would read it again.If I were you,I would work hard.2.表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词；主句：would(should,could,might)+have+过去分词。If he

4、 had taken my advice,he would have succeeded in the test.If I had known your telephone number then,I would have called you.,3.表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：一般过去时should+动词原形were to+动词原形；主句：would(should,could,might)+动词原形。If it should rain,the crops would be saved.If it were to snow tomorrow,they would not

5、 go out.,wish 句型 表达“但愿，要是多好”的语气 wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况珠虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式+动词原形（如might do）。”I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.同例：在as if/as though引导的状语从句中和以 if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动

6、词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：He talks as if he were the boss.他说起话来就像他是老板。If only I were free now.（注意：if only后面可以不加主句）,在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+that+(should)+动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：suggest,propose,recommend,demand,order,command,desire,require,insist,advise,decree(发布命令；下令),determine,prefer,s

7、tipulate,move（动议，规定），direct（命令），maintain（坚持），decide，ask I prefer that you(should)not do that.我认为你还是别干那件事的好。注意一：以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion,proposal,demand,order,command,advice,desire,requirement,request,agreement,determination,preference,resolution,indication 等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+动词原

8、形”(should可省略)。His demand is that all of us(should)be present at the meeting.,注意二：以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.,It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性。即某人对某事的反应。important,natural,desirable,possible,astonishi

9、ng,advisable（可取的,明智的）,anxious,appropriate,compulsory（义务的；强制的；强迫的）,crucial(至关紧要的),eager,essential,fitting,imperative(命令的,强制的,必要的),improper,natural,necessary,obligatory(义不容辞的,必须的),preferable,proper,urgent,vital,willing shocked,requestedIt was essential that the application forms be sent back before th

10、e deadline.It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.,注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing,strange,odd,ridiculous,surprising,unthinkable，incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”,表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.It is i

11、ncredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.,在 would rather,would sooner,had rather,would just as soon,would prefer意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。I would rather that you painted the room green.,Its(about/high/good)time that，表示“该是的时候了”,含有“晚一点”的意思,表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般

12、用一般过去时。Its time you went to bed.Its high time that we took action.,在lest that,for fear that,in case that 引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用 should+动词原形。He put his coat over the child for fear(lest)that he should catch cold.He emphasized it again and again lest she(should)forget.Take a hat with yo

13、u in case the sun is very hot（注意：该句陈述某一事实）,含蓄虚拟条件句 含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without,but for,otherwise，or,but that,given,provided,supposing,were it not for等等。Without your help,we couldnt have finished the work on time.But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert l

14、ast night.I wouldnt have succeeded without your help.We didnt know his telephone number;otherwise we would have telephoned him.,虚拟语气句子翻译练习：,1.如果我是你，我会更加努力地学习。,2.我昨天要是去看医生就好了。这样，我现在应该感觉好多了。,3.（如果）没有因特网，生活将会很枯燥。,4.我明天如果有时间，我能帮你学英语的,但是我得参加一个重要会议。,5.如果我上周见着了史密斯先生，我就会已经告诉他这件事了。,1.如果我是你，我会更加努力地学习。If I wer

15、e you,I would study harder.,Translation:,2.我昨天要是去看医生就好了。这样，我现在应该感觉好多了。I wish I had gone to see the doctor yesterday.If so,I should feel better now.,3.（如果）没有因特网，生活将会很枯燥。Without Internet/If there were no Internet,life would be very boring.,4.我明天如果有时间，我能帮你学英语的,但是我得参加一个重要会议。I could help you with your En

16、glish if I had time,but I will have to attend an important meeting.,5.如果我上周见着了史密斯先生，我就会已经告诉他这件事了。,If I had met Professor Smith last week,I would have told him about it.,倒装 Inversions 英语句子的自然顺序是主语在前,谓语在后。把谓语动词放在主语之前,就叫倒装结构。如果全部谓语放在主语之前,叫全部倒装;如果只把助动词或be 动词放在主语之前就叫部分倒装。,基本语序natural order,subject 主+pred

17、icate 谓+object 宾,I love English.,predicate+subject,助动词auxiliary/情态动词modal verb+subject+v+,完全倒装full inversion,部分倒装partial inversion,Here came the headmaster.,Nerve will I forgive you.,全部倒装 用于 there be 句型。There are many students in the classroom.,原句自然顺序是：Many students are there in the classroom.,2.用于“

18、here(there,now,then)+不及物动词+主语的句型中,或以out,in,up,down,away 等副词开头的句子里面,表示强调。Here comes the bus.There goes the bell.Now comes our turn.Out went the children.,注意：,代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。,Here it is.In he comes.,3.当句首状语是表示地点的介词词组时,也常引起全部倒装。,South of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frighteni

19、ng sound.Under the tree stands a little boy.,划线的均是表示地点状语的介词词组,并且是位于句首。,4.表语置于句首时,倒装结构采用“表语连系动词主语”的结构形容词连系动词主语 Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.,2)过去分词连系动词主语 Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.3)介词连系动词主语 Among the goods are Christmas

20、trees,flowers,candles and toys.,5.为了保持句子结构平衡,或为了强调表语或状语,或为了使上下文结构紧凑。They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat a small boy.Inside the pyramids are the burial rooms for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.,强调状语,保持句子结构平衡,1.用于疑问句 Do you speak English?2.用于省略if 的虚拟条件句 Had you rev

21、iewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.,由 If you had reviewed your lessons 这样一个虚拟条件分句变过来的。,部分倒装,3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)as(though)”引导的让步状语从句。Pretty as she is,she is not clever.Try as he would,he might fail again.Money as they had,they dont know how to spend it.,4.用于no sooner than,hardly wh

22、en 和 not until的句型中。No sooner had she gone out than the class began.Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.,5.用于 never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,little,at no time,not only,barely,rarely,little,not a bit 等否定词开头的句子里。Never shall I do this again.At no time can you say“no”to the order.Little d

23、o I dream I would see you here.,6.用于only开头的句子(only位于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句)Only in this way can you learn English well.Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.,7.用于 so,nor,neither 开头的句子,表示重复的内容。此句谓语应与前句谓语的时态形式一致。He has been to Beijing.So have I.Jack can not answer the question.Neither c

24、an I.He has been to Beijing.So have I.So he has,我也去过。是的，他确实去过。,8.在 so/such that 的结构中,若so 置于句首,则句子部分倒装 So difficult a problem is it that I cant work it out.Such a noble person is he that people all respect him.,如果直接引语后注明引语是什么人所说的,主语是名词时,用倒装结构。主语是代词时,一般不用倒装结构。“Let go,”said the man/he said.用于 某些祝愿的句子。M

25、ay you succeed.,教堂附近有一间破旧的小屋。Near the church was a ruined cottage.2.他一点也不知道,警察就要逮捕他了。Little does he know that the police are about to arrest him.,用倒装句翻译下列句子。,3.如果我了解你的意图我就不会浪费时间向你解释了。Had I realized what you intended I should not have wasted my time trying to explain matters to you.4.那记号很小,我几乎看不到。So

26、small was the mark that I could hardly see it.,参加会议有来自全国各地政府官员、商人、企业家。Attending the meeting were government officials,businessmen and bankers from different parts of the country.,6.无论什么情况下我们都不要放弃计划。Under no circumstance can we give up the plan.,把下列句子改为倒装。,1.I have never seen him before._ I seen him.

27、2.she had hardly gone out when a student came to see her._ when a student came to see her.,Never before have,Hardly had she gone out,3.I didnt go there.he didnt go there either.I didnt go there,_ _.,neither/nor did he,4.A terrible Genie(妖怪)stood before the fisherman.Before the fisherman _ _.,stood a

28、,terrible Genie,5.In those days people seldom did experiment to test their ideas._ to test their ideas.,Seldom did people do experiment,6.You can learn English well only in this way._ you learn English well.,Only in this way can,7.Lu Xun was not only a great writer,but also a great thinker._ a great

29、 writer,but also a great thinker.,Not only was Lu Xun,8.It didnt stop raining until midnight._ it stop raining.,Not until midnight did,根据括号内的汉语提示完成下列句子。1.When the dog attacked me,_(我用棍子自卫).2._(我很少听到)such beautiful singing.,I defended myself against it with a stick,Seldom have I heard,3.He had a feve

30、r yesterday but now _(他的体温似乎正常).4.I think this is the first time that we have met;_ _(我们以前在哪儿都没见过).5._(他刚睡着)than he heard a knock at the door.,No sooner had he fallen asleep,his temperature seems normal,never have we seen each other before,1.母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。2.很少见她如此不高兴。3.他害怕得很，动也不敢动。4.那人从马上跳下来。5.他进来，

31、会议就开始了。6.一个长着两只大眼睛的腼腆女孩坐在屋子的后面。7.尽管他们很勇敢，但这样的危险仍使他们感到畏惧。,8.要是你参加了毕业典礼，我就会见到你了。9.那女婴一看到狗就哭了起来。10.只是因为他生病了，他才旷课的。11.我们将来的家就是这个样子。12.山顶上耸立着一棵大松树。13.如果她明天不去那儿，我也不去。,1.母亲一直到孩子入睡后离开房间。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.2.很少见她如此不高兴。Seldom have I seen her so unhappy.3.他害怕得很，动也不敢动。

32、So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.4.那人从马上跳下来。Down jumped the man from the horse.5.他进来，会议就开始了。In he came and the meeting began.,6.一个长着两只大眼睛的腼腆女孩坐在屋子的后面。Sitting at the back of the room was a shy girl with two big eyes.7.尽管他们很勇敢，但这样的危险仍使他们感到畏惧。Brave as they were,the danger made

33、them afraid.8.要是你参加了毕业典礼，我就会见到你了。Had you attended the graduate ceremony(=If you had attended the graduate ceremony),I should have seen you.9.那女婴一看到狗就哭了起来。Hardly had the baby seen the dog when she cried.,10.只是因为他生病了，他才旷课的。Only because he was ill was he absent from school.11.我们将来的家就是这个样子。Such would be

34、 our home in the future.12.山顶上耸立着一棵大松树。On top of the hill stands a big pine tree.13.如果她明天不去那儿，我也不去。If she doesnt go there tomorrow,neither/nor will I.,表达练习,1）IELTS The most convenient transportation method in big cities.2）TOEFL Family,or friends,which influences young people more?Requirements:A long paragraph of at least 150 words.Having a thesis,