高三英语语法复习名词.ppt

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1、,名词,名词的分类,可数名词变复数注意事项,名词的格,名词的分类,可数名词,不可数名词,集体名词,个体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,普通名词,专有名词,teacher,bus,.,people,crew,.,rice,air,water,knowledge,friendship,名词,China,Bill Gates,the Great Wall,名词：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称。专有名词：表示个人、地方、团体、机构、节日等专用的名称。如：Beijing,Smith,the Summer Palace,the United States,the Second World War,May Day。

2、单个的专有名词第一个字母大写，由普通名词构成的专有名词，前面有定冠词the，后面的每个单词第一个字母大写。普通名词：表示同属一类的人或事物，或某种物质或抽象概念的名称。,可数名词：(缩写为C)可以用数目来计数的名词。可以用基数词修饰，也可用many,a good/great many,a number of,few,a few,several等词修饰。个体名词：表示同属一类的人或事物中的个体。如：student,tree,chair,car,book。个体名词在句中时前面必须有限定词（如the,my,this等）。集合名词：（又称为集体名词）表示一群人或一类事物。如：army,class,co

3、mmittee,fruit,police,Collective Nouns:表示由个体组成的集体。,Eg:army;audience;cattle（牛的总称），crew;family;team;police;government;public,集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。,Eg:His family isnt large.,Cf:His family are all music lovers.,在不少情况下，集体名词后单复数动词都可以用，没什么差别。,Eg:The audience was(were)excited by the

4、show.,Public-the public 大众,有少数集体名词通常用作单数。,Eg:The gang is being hunted by the police.,Our company is sending him to work in Berlin.,个别集体名词则多作复数看待。,Eg:The police are looking for him.,不可数名词：（缩写为U）不可以用数目来计数的名词。不可用基数词直接修饰。物质名词：表示物质或无法分为个体的东西。如：iron,cotton,fire,water,beer;cake;cloth;ice;paper;soil,rain。它们

5、需要用单位名词来衡量，如：a piece of bread,a cup of water抽象名词：表示抽象概念的名词。如：happiness,education,labour,love,一般来说，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式。但有一些特殊情况：,1)有些物质名词可用作可数名词，表示“一份”、“一杯”、“一种”,Eg:Two strong black coffees,please.(两份）,Three beers,please.(三杯）,It was a special tea.(一种）,2)个别物质名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义。,Eg:rains（雨季）snows(积雪）water

6、s(海域),A heavy rain,a strong wind,【注1】对于单个单词来说，它既可能是可数名词，也可能是不可数名词。如：many rooms(很多房间)-much room（大量空间）；rubber（橡胶）-two rubbers（两块橡皮）；iron（铁）-an iron（一只熨斗）；glass（玻璃）-a glass（一个玻璃杯）；wood（木头）-a woods（一片树林）；paper（纸）-a paper（一份报纸、文件）,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)stone)石料paper(纸)iron(铁)gold(金子)youth

7、(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a stone(一块石头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）,orange 桔子C；橙汁U；water水U；水域(pl.waters)；paper纸U；论文；报纸；试卷C；land土地；陆地；大地U；国家C；word单词；话语C；消息U；work工作U；作品C；重工

8、业工厂(单复数同形：works)；experience经验U；经历C；wood木头U；树林C(可用复形woods,也可用单形 character 人物；角色；字体C；品德，性格U；difficulty 困难U；难题C；room房间C；空间U；glass玻璃杯C；玻璃U；stone石头块C；石料U；sand沙子U；沙滩（复形：sands）；green绿色U；蔬菜，青菜(用复形：greens)；help帮助U；助手C；people人们（集合名词，无复形）；民族C,【注2】请牢记下列典型的不可数名词及词义。advice 忠告，建议baggage/luggage 行李change零钱 cloth布 c

9、lothing 衣物 equipment 设备furniture 家具 knowledge 知识information 信息news 消息 weather天气wealth 财富 damage 损坏work 工作word 消息，信息 homework 家庭作业 housework 家务 poetry诗歌（总称）machinery（机器设备）；jewellery珠宝（总称）；Fun 乐趣 fun:1.作不可数名词，表示“乐趣，享乐”。1.We had a lot of fun at the party.我们在派对上玩得很开心。2.Have fun!玩得开心点！,【注3】部分抽象名词可与a（an）连

10、用，此时词义发生变化。如：surprise（一件令人惊讶的事）,pleasure（一件让人愉悦的事）,honour（一件荣幸的事）,help（一个助手）,success（一件成功的事/一个成功的人），a heavy rain（一场大雨），two coffees（两份咖啡），a long time（一段很长的时间），two deaths（两个死亡的人）。,有些名词作不可数名词用时表抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表个体事物,beauty(美，美貌)-a beauty(一个美人或美物),danger(危险)a danger,failure(失败)a failure,honour(光荣)an

11、 honour(带来荣誉的人或事),must(必须)a must(一件必要的事或物),pity(遗憾)a pity(一件可惜的事),(一件失败的事或一个失败的人),(一件危险的事或一个危险的人),service(服务)a service(一个服务机构),success(成功)a success,surprise(惊奇)a surprise(一件令人吃惊的事),pleasure(乐趣)a pleasure(一件有趣的事),worry(担心)a worry,experience(经验)an experience(一次经历),(一件成功的事或一个成功的人),(一件令人担心的事或一个令人担忧的人),H

12、e gained his _ by printing _ of famous writers.(NMET95)A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works,Can you give us some _ about the writer?Ainformations Binformation Cpiece of informations Dpieces information,Many people agree that _of English is a must in international trade today.(

13、NMET96)A.a knowledge B.knowledges C.knowledge D.the knowledge,可数名词变复数的规则变化,一般在词尾加-s以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的加-es 以辅音字母加y结尾时，把y变成i，再加-es以f或fe结尾时，把f,fe改为v,再加es,1一般情况，直接加-s：e.g.sport-sports，boy-boys,hat-hats 2以s,x,ch,sh结尾发s、t、d音的词，加es：e.g.busbuses,boxboxes,bushbushes,branchbranches,注：stomachstomachs（stomach词尾发

14、/k/，故复数直接加-s）3辅音字母+y，变y为i，加-es：e.g.universityuniversities,city-cities,story-stories 元音字母+y，直接加-s：e.g.boyboys,day-days 特例：Henry（亨利）-Henrys,Mary-Marys,stand-by（备用的人或物）-stand-bys,penny（便士）-pennies/pence,How many does a cow have?-Four.AstomachesBstomach CstomachsDstomachies,4以o结尾 加-es：e.g.NegroNegroes,h

15、eroheroes,tomatotomatoes,potatopotatoes,volcano-volcanoes,mosquito（蚊子）-mosquitoes,echo（回音）-echoes 加-s：zoos,kangaroo-kangaroos,studio-studios,radioradios,pianopianos,photophotos,bamboo-bamboos,hippo（河马）-hippos,tobacco（烟叶）-tobaccos,kilo（千克）-kilos,auto（汽车）-autos特例：motto（座右铭，箴言）-mottos/mottoes，zero-zero

16、s/zeroes,5以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es：e.g.leafleaves,wifewives,thief-thieves,half-halves 特例：beliefbeliefs,roofroofs,proofproofs,safesafes（保险柜），cliff（悬崖）-cliffschiefchiefs，gulfgulfs（海湾）,serf（农奴）-serfshandkerchief（手帕）-handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,scarf（围巾）-scarfs/scarves，,The _ of the building are covered w

17、ith lots of _.Aroofs;leavesBrooves;leafs Croof;leafDroofs;leafs,6.字母、数字、缩写词以及引语的复数：e.g.There are three as in the word banana.在banana这个单词中有三个a。The war broke out in the 1940s/1940s.战争爆发于二十世纪四十年代。He left out two 4s in that number.他在那个数字中漏了两个4。You used too many thats in your speech.在演讲中你用了太多的that。Studen

18、t 这个单词中有个sThere is a/an s in the word“student”.,“某国人”的复数形式：单、复数相同 Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,词尾加-s Africans,Asians,Canadians,Australians,Italians,变man为men Englishman-Englishmen,Frenchman-Frenchmen 但：German-Germans,Some _ visited our school last Wednesday.AGermanBGermen CGermansDGermens,不规则变化,变内部元音。如：foo

19、t-feet,tooth-teeth,goose-geese,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women,policeman-policemen词尾加-en或ren。如：ox-oxen,child-children单复数相同。如：sheep,deer,fish,aircraft,steelworks,means,Chinese,Swiss,Japanese,.汉语音译词无复数形式。（表示度量衡，币制等单位的名词）如:five yuan,six jin,two jiao,复合名词的复数,一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law passer-by looker-on

20、editor-in-chief 无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups,good-for-nothings（无用的人），go-betweens（中间人），look-outs（守望者）由man,woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors,women-drivers,women-singersBoy friends,girl friends,book marks,tooth brushes,fathers-in-law,passers-by,lookers-on,editors-in-chief,Mr Smith has two _,both of who

21、m are teachers in a school.Abrothers-in-lawBbrother-in-laws Cbrothers-in-lawsDbrothers-in law,常作复数的或复数形式表特别意义的名词：glasses,trousers,regards，wishes gloves,shoes,scissors,greens possessions 财产,socks,handcuffs(手铐),jeans(牛仔裤),earnings(薪水),savings（储蓄),findings（调查结果),clothes,surroundings（环境),greetings（致敬),g

22、oods,twins,resources,woods,forces(军队),arms(军火)，plastics（塑料制品）,manners(礼貌),times(时代),sands(沙滩),works(著作,作品）contents(内容),thanks,congratulations,tears,ashes,.,(问候),(青菜),在短语中用复数形式的名词。如：do exercises,take turns,take notes,make repairs,in high spirits,as follows,hurt ones feelings,in rags,in dozens，make fr

23、iends with,shake hands with,在有些短语中，名词用单复数均可。如：make faces/a face,play jokes/a joke on sb.,have talkes/a talk with单复数意思不一样：have a word with 与某人说话Have words with 和某人吵架,不可数名词的量的表达-“a(数词)+单位词+of”,表个数：piece(张，片，块，份)article(件)item(条）block(大块)set(台，套）sheet(张，块)如：some articles of furniture,four items of news

24、以形状表个数：cake(块),bar(条),ear(穗),grain(粒),sheaf(捆),slice(薄片),pile(堆),loaf(块),flight(楼梯的一段),drop(滴)如：a bar of chocolate,two ears of corn,a grain of rice以容器表数量：cup,bowl,bucket,box,spoonful(匙)以行为状态表数量：fit(一阵)flash(闪光，显露)ray(线)如：a fit of anger(一阵怒火），a flash of lighting(一道闪电),a ray of hope(一线希望),名词原形直接作定语。（不

25、表示所有关系）P 195左边tooth brush apple tree coffee cup shoe factory geography lessonwelcome party heart trouble food industry physics teacher 但：有的名词习惯于用复数作定语。parents meeting(家长会)goods train(货车)sales department(销售部)sports meet(运动会),The _ is just around the corner and you wont miss it.(01北京春季)A.bicycles shop

26、 B.bicycle shop C.bicycles shop D.bicycles shopThere are only twelve _ in the hospital.Awoman doctors Bwomen doctors Cwomen doctor Dwoman doctor,表示许多,ManyA good/great many A large number ofQuite a few Many a许多 谓语动词单数Many a student has mobilephones,许多，谓语动词复数,much,A great deal of A large amount of Qui

27、te a little加不可数名词，谓语动词用单数,A lot ofLots of plenty of A large quantity ofLarge quantities of,可加复数名词也可加不可数名词，加复数名词时，谓语动词用复数，修饰不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数,可修饰复数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用复数,可修饰复数名词或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数,名词的格,英语中的名词（代词）有三个格：主格、宾格、所有格所有格表示所有关系，修饰另一名词，作定语，它有两种形式：一种是由名词词尾加s构成，另一种是由介词of加名词构成，前者多用来表示有生命的东西，后者多用来表示无生命的东西。,注意事项

28、：,复合名词的所有格是在其词尾加“s”。如：his mother-in-laws photo the editor-in-chiefs opinion,2.末尾以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾 构成所有格。如：the teachers books 不以s结尾的复数名词，应在词尾加“s”,如：the childrens balls 以s结尾的单数名词的所有格有两种，或“s”,如：my boss/bosss computer,3.如果一样东西为两人共有，则只在最后一个名词后加“s”,如果是分别所有，则两个名词后都要加“s”。如：Tom and Marrys father,Toms and Marrys

29、fathers4.在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的所有格时，一般省略它所修饰的名词。at the doctors,at the barbers,at Mr.Greens,to my uncles，at the tailors,5.有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“s”来构成所有格。ten minutess walk todays newspaper Chinas industry the stations waiting-room,will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.(19

30、93 上海)A.The EvensB.The Evens C.The EvensesD.The Evenses,It took us quite a long time to get here.It was _ journey.（05北京春季）A.three-hour B.a three hour C.a three-hour D.three hours,6.在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常使用双重所有格，即“of词组+所有格”结构。这种结构带有一定的感情色彩，表示赞美、厌恶等。a friend of her mothers a few friends of Toms

31、 that book of Toms some daughter of Mr.Browns,例题,1.I wrote a letter to show my _ of his thoughtfulness.A.achievement B.agreement C.attention D.appreciation2.We all know that _ speak louder than words.A.movements B.performances C.operations D.action3.The new law will come into_ on the day it is passe

32、d.A.effect B.use C.service D.existence4.You will find this map of great _ in helping you get round London.A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness,D,D,C,A,5.My parents always let me have my _ of living.A.way B.method C.manners D.fashion6.-Who did you spend last weekend with?-_.A.Palmers B.The Palmers C.T

33、he Palmers D.The Palmers7.Ill look into the matter as soon as possible.Just have a little _.A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest,A,C,C,8._ of Mrs Whites came back home yesterday.She had been in the United States for years.A.A daughter B.The daughter C.Her daughter D.daughter,9.He gained his _ by printing

34、_ of famous writers.A.wealth;work B.wealths;works C.wealths;work D.wealth;works,10.It will be _ to jump into the lake to have a swim on a hot summer day.A.fun B.a fun C.funny D.the fun,_,_,_,。谓语用复数的情况。,）police,;people;cattle;militia(民兵）作主语。,）有两个部分构成的名词。（表示衣物或工具）eg:glasses;chopsticks,3)these kind of

35、men（口语);men of this kind 作主语,）bothand.修饰主语,5)A number of;large quantities of;large amounts of修饰主语,）the+形容词作主语，一般情况下,）one of the+可数名词复数定语从句，从句中谓语动词用复数。,1.Try to learn these words by heart:(通常用于复数形式的词）,scissors剪刀;pants裤子;contents目录compasses两脚规;cords灯心絨裤;arms武器earphones耳机;pyjamas睡衣裤;ashes灰烬scales天平;ove

36、ralls工装裤;tropics热带spectacles眼镜;braces背带;stairs楼梯nail-clippers指甲刀；slacks便装裤;brains头脑belongings所有物；savings积蓄；tidings消息doings行为；writings作品；findings调查结果,五、名词的句法功能 1 在句中作主语 This book is very useful.这本书很有用。Mary is to meet you at the airport.玛丽将在机场接你。2 作表语 My brother is a worker.我弟弟是个工人 She is a writer.她是个

37、作家。3 作宾语或宾补 He finished his task on time.他按时完成了他的任务。We made Tom our monitor.我们选汤姆为我们的班长（consider,elect,choose,think,find),4 作定语 He got three gold medals at 23rd Olympic Games.他在第二十三届奥运会上取得了三块金牌。rain drops 雨点 colour film 彩色电影 注：名词作定语修饰名词，通常表示事物的属性、本质特征、内容、材料、目的等。这些形容词化的名词与形容词作定语在语义上有一定的区别。a golden me

38、dal 金色的奖牌（颜色，非材料）a gold medal 金牌（质地材料为金子）a colourful dress色彩鲜艳的女装（仅指颜色）a colour film 彩色电影（属性为彩色的）a coffee cup a letter box a vegetable field a car factory,5 作状语 The meeting lasted two hours.会议持续了两个小时。Wait a moment.等一会儿。He was late for class this morning.今天早晨他上课迟到了。6 作同位语 Mr.Smith,our leader,is speak

39、ing now.史密斯先生，我们的领导，正在讲话。We students should study hard.我们学生应该努力学习。7 作称呼语 Come here,Mary.玛丽，到这儿来。Good morning,ladies and gentlemen.女士们，先生们，早上好。,有些名词可以兼作可数名词和不可数名词。,glass(玻璃)copper(铜)stone)石料paper(纸)iron(铁)gold(金子)youth(青春)power(力量)beauty(美)pleasure(愉快)relation(关系）,a glass(玻璃杯)a copper(铜币板)a stone(一块石

40、头)a paper(报纸，证件，论文)an iron(熨斗)a gold(金牌)a youth(年青人)a power(大国)a beauty(美人，美的东西)a pleasure(使人感到愉快的事)a relation(亲戚）,英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。,a poem(一首诗)a machine(一台机器)a job(一件工作)a laugh(一个笑声)a permit(许可证)a garment(一件衣裳)a bag(case)(一件行李)a loaf(一只面包)a hair(一根头发),poetry(诗歌总称)machinery(机器总称)work(工作)laughter(

41、笑声)permission(允许)clothing(衣裳总称)luggage,baggage(行李)bread(面包)hair(头发),主谓一致,。语法形式上的一致（主单谓单；主复谓复）,。意义上的一致（主语形单意复，谓语用复数。Eg:people;police)（主语形复意单，谓语用单数。Eg:news;economics),3.就近原则：eitheror;neithernor;not onlybut also,4.单复数视情况而定。）集体名词作主语：强调整体，用单数；强调个体，用复数,）单复数同形名词作主语，按意义一致原则。Eg:means,species,）中心词是all,most,ha

42、lf,rest时，按意义一致原则。即主语单数意义，谓语用单数；主语复数意义，谓语用复数。,）主语是and连接两个名词时，指一样东西，谓语单数；指两样东西，谓语复数。Eg:A knife and fork is on the table.,5)代词作主语，取决于它代替的是单数还是复数。意义一致原则。Eg:ours,yours;such,the same;who,that,which;any,either,neither,(单独作主语，谓语单数）none,all,some,more,）分数，量词，half of,part of作主语，于中心词保持一致。,）what 引导的主语从句。通常用单数；所指

43、的具体内容为复数时，谓语用复数。,）主谓倒装，谓语与其后主语一致。,。谓语用单数的情况。,）名词所有格之后的名词被省略。（指商店，工场，住宅等）作主语。Eg:The doctors,my uncles,the bakers,2)中心词是时间、距离、金额、度量、书名等复数名词。Eg:three years;The selected poems of Li Bai;,3)each,every,no 所修饰名词，即使以and 或逗号连接。Eg:each boy and each girl;every man and woman,4)主语有more than one;many a,5)a kind of;a pair of;a series of,6)This kind of,7)The number of,8)A great deal of;a large amount of+un,9)One and a half+可数名词复数eg:One and a half bananas is left on the table.,10)The departed(死者）意义上指个体,11)the only one of+可数名词复数定语从句。从句中的谓语用单数。,