英语四级考试资料ppt-写作经典替换词.ppt

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1、大学英语四级写作评分标准,大学英语四级考试大纲要求：考试时间为30分钟，至少120词的短文。试卷上可以给出题目，或规定情境，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写，或给出题目以及中文提纲要求写短文，或给出关键词要求写成短文。写作要求切题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，条理通顺，无重大语言错误。写作内容包括日常生活和一般常识。如果达不到规定的词数，酌情扣19分。其中，题目所给的起始句，主题句，结束句不计入所写的总字数。如果题目要求写三段式作文，只写一段为04分，两段为09分，文不对题或只有孤立的几个词，无法表达思想的为0分。,四级考试中，写作在百分制中满分为15分，其阅卷标准共分为五等：2，5，8，1

2、1，14。各分数段的具体标准如下：2条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎，大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差，有较多的语言错误。8基本切题,有些地方表达思想不够清楚。文字勉强连贯。语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11切题,表达思想清楚，文字连贯。但有少量语言错误。14切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上没有语言错误，仅有个别小错误。,2段落组织（1）开头段落首段要引人入胜，并帮助读者抓住要领，易于领会全文；开头方法有：引用名人名言；如：As the proverb goes；It goes without saying that；There

3、 is no denying that；As everyone knows数字统计；如：According to a recent survey,about 789%of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation；A recent study shows that,描述现象现状；如：With the reform of Chinese higher education,more and more colleges and universities put emphasis on；Nowad

4、ays,some famous universities have become a hot tourist attraction.对立观点陈述;如：Some people believe that while others argue that,（2）主体段落主体段落由三部分组成，也就是主题句(topic sentence)，推展句(supporting statement)和结论句(concluding statement)。主题句概括段落的主要内容，它不仅确定段落的主题，而且限制该主题在本段落详细讨论的范围。因此主题句是整个段落的纲领。推展句是对主题句的论证，解释和说明，是每段的主体部分

5、。只有写好了推展句才能使文章言之有理，具有说服力。在文章写作中，推展句的多少，长短要适中。既要把思想内容表达清楚，叙述翔实，又要注意简明扼要，重点突出。句与句之间应脉络清晰，相辅相成。结论句是用来标志段落的结束，同时向读者提供记忆的要点。但并非所有的段落句都是总结句。,主体段落的写作方法有举例论证段、对比比较段、因果分析段、利弊分析段等。举例论证段落。通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。例如：There are cases in which people have to trade goods for the things they need.For example,a perso

6、n who needs something badly and happens to be penniless,what should he do?A good solution for him is to trade the goods he has for the things he needs.For another example,a person needs something and its owner is reluctant to sell it unless he gets the thing he wants.In such case,the person has to t

7、rade goods for what he needs.,举例论证中常用的连接词有for example(instance),such as,takefor example,besides,furthermore,moreover,what is more,in addition等。举例论证中常用的句型有：A good case in point is.As an illustration,we may take.Such examples might be given easily.is often cited as an example.,对比法或比较段。将同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行

8、比较分析，通过对比更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点。例如：The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes or transistors.Its electronic circuits work thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain.A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute

9、.常用于比较或对比的连接过渡词:more than，compared with，in contrast with，asas，be similar to，similarly，the same as，just like，just as 等。,写作必备经典替换词,1、代替important:significant,vital,main,crucial,momentous,it makes a great difference that,be of importance,play an important role in2、代替more and more:Increasing(ly)，growing。

10、（注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly）eg.Sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.,3、代替think的短语：harbor the idea that，take the attitude that，hold the view that，it is widely shared that，it is universally acknowledged that,

11、personally speaking代替think的单词：believe,assume,claim,argue,suppose，deem,reckon,consider,guess4.an army of，an ocean of，a sea of，a multitude of，many a(后跟单数名词），if not most代替many。停于此注：用many，if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词eg.Many individuals，if not most，harbor the idea that.同理用most，if not all，代替most。,5、代替good:

12、positive，favorable，rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect，pleasurable，excellent，outstanding。6.代替bad:negative,dreadful，unfavorable，poor，adverse(有害的)。7、代替thing:affair，business，matter,issue,event。8、a slice of，quiet a few，several代替some。9、desire代替want。,10.代替very:exceedingly，extremely，extraordinary。11.代替like:p

13、refer,enjoy,love,appreciate12、代替attract ones attention:capture ones attention/heart,is a magnet to sb.。13、代替aspect:facet，dimension，sphere。14、代替cause:give rise to，lead to，result in，trigger。,15.for my part，from my own perspective代替in my opinion。16、bear in mind that代替remember。17、frown on sth代替be agains

14、t，disagree with sth。18、to name only a few，as an example代替for example19、individuals，characters，folks代替people，persons。20、sb take interest in:sth appeals to sb，sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb。,四级作文使用率最高的12个基本句式,12套语 1）Its well known to us that 2）As is known to us，3）This is a topic that is bei

15、ng widely talked about 4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that 5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way例如：As is well known to us,it is important for the students to know the world outside campus The reason for this is obvious.Nowadays,the society is changing an

16、d developing rapidly,and the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,A.开头 1、There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this:_.2、_ has become

17、 a hot topic among people,especially among the young,and heated debates are right on their way.3、Recently,_has been brought to such popular attention that _(e.g.Recently,the problem of global warming has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the top of the

18、 agenda.),大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,4、One of our ancient philosophers said,_.Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.5.No one，regardless of race,religion or nationality,would deny that.或：Everyone would agree that.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,B 结尾 1.Only in this way/Only wh

19、en/Only through,will/can we或：It is only if/whenthat we will It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.2.As long aswe will be able to/the problem is bound to As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses,all the super

20、stitions are bound to go out of our life.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,3.With a constant/steady improvement in(或With the gradual worsening of)sth.will With a steady improvement in our legal system,this problem will sure be solved earlier or later.4.In a word,there is every/little chance/probability/possibility th

21、at.in time to come.In one word,there is every chance that this Chinese Tradition will continue to entertain millions of Chinese citizens.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,C.中间 1）.A great number of solutions are being offered.Some people suggest that _.Others argue that _.2）.But I dont think it is a very good way to s

22、olve _.For instance,_.Worst of all,_.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型,C.中间 1建议和解决方法 1）.A great number of solutions are being offered.Some people suggest that _.Others argue that _.2）.But I dont think it is a very good way to solve _.For instance,_.Worst of all,_.3）.My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the proble

23、m are as follows.In the first place,.Secondly,.Finally 4）.If we let the situation go as it is,.By that time,.如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么到那个时候，。5）If,will there be anything that can make me even happier?如果（我们怎么怎么做），那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,2.It 结构 1）It is advisable to exercise（拥有）patience in dealing with s

24、uch complicated situations.2）It is necessary that young and old people should communicate more with each other.3）It is certain that fresh air and exercises are more enjoyable and beneficial than medicine.4）It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communica

25、te.5）It seemed to me that the only thing that matters is to learn through failure.6）It pays in the long run（从长远的角度看）to introduce new technique.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,3.动名词或分词结构 1）Drinking，eating，and smoking excessively can do severe harm to even a young persons health.2）The art of communication requires l

26、earning the language and culture of the audience.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,4.递进式结构 1）Fresh vegetables are nutritious（有营养的）；furthermore，they re cheaper than frozen ones.2）Helping others will not only bring joy into other peoples lives，but also added happiness into our own.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,5.表示重要性或必要性 1）Its im

27、portant to set aside time for relaxation，hobbies，and entertainment as well.2）A harmonious atmosphere is essential（necessary/critical/indispensable）to achieve success.3）Global warming can endanger our lives so much that we are obliged to make a careful study of the problem and try to find out a lasti

28、ng solution to it.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,6.表示目的 1）The purpose of a test is to show what you have leaned about a subject.2）The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.3）Competitive sports are recommended to young adults to prepare them for the competitive world of coll

29、ege and business.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,7.表示结果 1）Too much work and too little rest may lead to loss of health.2）If you try to learn too many things at a time，you may get confused.3）By consistent hard work we will be able to achieved our objectives（目标）.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,8.表示对比和比较 1）Jobs and work do much mor

30、e than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.2）Work is more than a necessity for most human beings；it is the focus of their lives，the source of their identity and creativity.3）Rather than a punishment or a burden，work is the opportunity to realize ones potential.4）The more scientis

31、ts find out，the more questions they are unable to answer.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,9.表示条件或假设的结构 1）Without the distraction of TV，they might sit around together after dinner.2）As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power.3）Were it left to me to decide whether we should _,I should not hes

32、itate a moment to prefer the latter.4）Without a degree and with no vocational experience their chances of getting good jobs are slim.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,10.表示举例 1）Take_for example，2）An illustration（例证）may make the point clear.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,11.表示采取措施 1）The government should be taking effective（有效的）me

33、asures to overcome current difficulties.2）As college students,we are obliged to make every effort to help support the Olympic Games.3）The school authorities should invest more energy and money in improving working and living conditions for the teachers.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,12.表示让步关系 1）While it may be mo

34、re convenient to possess a car，it is also expensive and troublesome at times.2）Although I do not earn a great deal of money for this job，the pleasure I receive from the work makes it worthwhile.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,13.表示因果或前提关系 1）Because of(owning to)the pressure（压力）of examinations，many students are lef

35、t with little or no free time.2）Perhaps its because few of us know how to accept compliments（赞扬）gracefully.3）That is why housework is considered as such a dreary grind（乏味的苦差事）。4）The reason for this is that,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,14.表示存在的问题 1）One of the greatest problems facing the 21st century will be what

36、 to do with all the rubbish produced in the world.2）To travel abroad is a desire shared by many people，but few can afford to do it.3）Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities.4）Many people find it harder and harder to keep up with the radical changes that characte

37、rize our time.5）At first thought，the problem seems far too involved（复杂），but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with.,大学英语四级考试作文常用句型:,15 There be结构 1）There are other techniques that might help you with you studying.2）There is much that we can learn from the Chinese classic works.3）There

38、is no sense（道理）in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.,经典开头,A mobile phone is getting increasingly popular.(主题句)Statistics show that eight out of ten college students have gotten one.(数据支撑)However,as is the case with many issues,a mobile phone has both positive and negative aspects.(

39、承上启下),经典结尾,There is no denying that a mobile phone has both benefits and drawbacks but on balance perhaps the advantages of a mobile phone outweigh its disadvantages since a mobile has become an integral part of modern life.,四级高分的词汇搭配,经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy 人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长 the rem

40、arkable improvement/steady growth of peoples living standard先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology 面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges,四级高分的词汇搭配,人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/recognized that社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development 引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public con

41、cern/draw public attention 不可否认 It is undeniable that/There is no denying that,四级高分的词汇搭配,热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/debate有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 完全不同的观点 a totally different argument有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in,四级高分的词汇搭配,正如谚语所说 As th

42、e proverb goes对产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/negative effects on利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages导致，引起 lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in,四级高分的词汇搭配,复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon 责任感/成就感 sense of responsibility/sense of achievement竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and co

43、operation 开阔眼界 widen ones horizon/broaden ones vision,四级高分的词汇搭配,学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills经济/心理负担 financial burden/psychological burden考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/consideration 从另一个角度 from another perspective,四级高分的词汇搭配,做出共同努力 make joint efforts为社会做贡献 make contributions to the so

44、ciety 打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for 综合素质 comprehensive quality致力于/投身于 be committed/devoted to,四级高分的词汇搭配,不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty满足需求 satisfy/meet the needs of.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources 方便快捷 convenient and efficient,四级高分的词汇搭配,在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspec

45、ts of human life 社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue支持前/后种观点的人 people/those in favor of the former/latter opinion,四级高分的词汇搭配,在一定程度上 to some extent/degree/in some way理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social

46、 competition 眼前利益 immediate interest/short-term interest 长远利益 interest in the long run,四级高分的词汇搭配,有其自身的优缺点 has its merits and demerits/advantages and disadvantages对有害 do harm to/be harmful to交流思想/情感/信息 exchange ideas/emotions/information跟上的最新发展 keep pace with/catch up with/keep abreast with the lates

47、t development of,四级高分的词汇搭配,采取有效措施来 take effective measures to do sth.的健康发展 the healthy development of 对观点因人而异 Views on vary from person to person.重视 attach great importance to 社会地位 social status,四级高分的词汇搭配,把时间和精力放在上 focus time and energy on 扩大知识面 expand ones scope of knowledge 身心两方面 both physically a

48、nd mentally有直接/间接关系 be directly/indirectly related to 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal,四级高分的词汇搭配,保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society更多地强调 put more emphasis on适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society 实现梦想 make ones dream come true,四级高分的词汇搭配,主要理由列举如下 The ma

49、in reasons are listed as follows 我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go,四级作文使用率最高的12个基本句式,1表示原因1）There are three reasons for this 2）The reasons for this are as follows 3）The reason for this is obvious4）The reason for this is not far to seek 5）The reason for this is that 6）We have good reason to b

50、elieve that 例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life Firstly，peoples living standard has been greatly improvedSecondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life,四级作文使用率最