英汉表达差异及错例.ppt

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1、英汉表达差异The differences in Expressing Between Chinese and English,英汉表达差异,一、首先,让我们关注一下英美人与中国人思维方式不同。英美人思维方式是直线式,他们在遣词造句谋篇上遵循着从一般(general)到具体(specific),从概括(summarize)到举例(exemplify),从整体(whole)到个体(respective)原则。请看短文:Soccer is a difficult sport.(1)A player must be able to run steadily without rest.(2)Somet

2、imes a player must hit the ball with his or her head.(3)Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others.(4)They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles.上面这则短文中,主题句(main idea sentence)也就是文章中心是第一句,(1)(2)(3)(4)句是用来说明主题句。,而在汉语中,我们习惯于先分后总,先说原因后说结果,即所谓“前因后果”,如果要表达相同意思,我们通常这样说:足球运动员

3、必须能不停地奔跑,有时得用头顶球,撞别人或被别人撞,必须忍受双脚和肌肉疼痛,所以说,足球运动是一项难度大运动。,再比如写下面一则便条,因你母亲突然生病,周末你不能和汤姆去跳舞了,你找了舞跳得很好时黛来代替你,并表示抱歉。此英语便条为:,July 6,2002 Dear Tom,I am sorry to inform you that I wont be able to go to dance with you this weekend.My mother is suddenly taken ill.In order not to disappoint you,I have asked Shi

4、 Dai to take my place.She is a better dancer,I think.My regrets.Joe 从便条中可以看出,英语表达先“果”I wont be able to go to dance with you this weekend后“因”my mother is suddenly taken ill,即所谓“先果后因”，或英语前重心，汉语后重心。,一般来说,在单个句子中,英语句子也是先中心,也就是将主要思想、结果放在句首,放在主句里表达;而汉语正相反,一般为后中心,主要观点、信息往往放在句末。如:因为他病了,昨天他不得不呆在家里。He had to s

5、tay at home yesterday because he was ill.生活中既然有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.,英语先结论，后叙事。或先表态，后叙事。经过多年的努力，我们解决了这个问题。We have solved/worked out the problem after many years hard work/effort.导致人们犯罪的原因，我们仍不清楚。We are still not sure/clear what causes pe

6、ople to commit a crime.死记硬背有缺陷，我们应承认这一点。We should admit/acknowledge that rote learning has limitations.,二、英语多代词或替代，汉语多名词或重复。在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。请看下面的例句：

7、,他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且蔑视别人的失败。He hates the failure.He has conquered it,transcended it and looked down upon that of others.三、英语的习惯是尽量在同一个句子中用不同的单词或是词组来表达同一个意思。而汉语就不同，汉语喜欢用同一个词汇来增强自己说话的语气或是强调。如：regard as,view as,equate with 等可以同时用于某一段中，而汉语则需重复。,熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说我认为可以用I think，第二次再用I th

8、ink显然就很乏味，应该换成I believe或I imagine之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子：The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine,the animal had learned to solo on the vehicle.译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。tractor和vehic

9、le在句中显然都表示拖拉机，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。,四、接下来,让我们看一下英汉句子结构特点。英语属印欧语系Indo-European Family,汉语属汉藏语系Sino-Tibetan Family,两种语言相距甚远,英语结构紧凑,汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子,即英语句子是由断不可缺各种连接词衔接而成,宛如节节相连竹子;而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”,所谓流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。所以说,英语重形和hypotaxis,汉语重意和parataxis。就句子结构而言,西洋语是法治,中国语言是人治.英语句子中如果少了连接词如or,but

10、,if,so,because,when,although,in order that,so that,所要表达意思就支离破碎了,而汉语如没连接词,只从句子本身意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。如:,例如：我叫你再进来。Dont come in until I call you.条件：明天不下雨，我们就去公园。if it doesnt rain tomorrow,we will go to the park.时间：离开北京五年了，从未回去过。He has never been back to Beijing since he left it five years ago.结果：他读的太快，我们听不

11、清楚。he read so fast that we could not hear it clearly.原因：昨晚你在教室，肯定是你干的。It must have been done by you since only you stayed in the classroom last night.,转折：江山易改，禀性难移。it is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a persons nature.对比：道路是曲折的，前途是光明的。The future is bright while the road ahead

12、 is tortuous.,1)我常见许多青年的朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.倘若完全按原文的句法特征将其译成英文,可能是:1)I have come across a great many young friends,2)Bright and diligent,3)Do exceedingly well in studies,4)but they are rather weak in Chinese,5)even cant write a smooth Chinese letter.6)When as

13、ked why,theyll say they are not interested in Chinese.I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies,but are rather weak in Chinese.They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.When I asked them why,they said they were not inte

14、rested in the Chinese language.,我们过了江，进了车站，我买票，他忙着照看行李。we entered the railway station after crossing the River.While I was at the booking office buying a ticket,father saw to my luggage.we crossed the Yangze and arrived at the station,where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.,五、英语多引申，汉语多推理

15、 英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the company it keeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning,but people have meaning for them.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians,modern practice most closely conforms to one that s

16、ees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。,recreate根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词recreation，所给词义为娱乐、消遣，在这种情况下，考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the significant events of the

17、 part，从逻辑上来讲，过去的重大历史事件是不能重新创造的，作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申。,六、英语多省略，汉语多补充 英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。例如：Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.Reading exercises ones eyes;Speaking,ones tongue;while writing,

18、ones mind.,野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。,阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。,七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体下面我们先看一组例子：disintegration 土崩瓦解 ardent（热心的；热情的）loyalty 赤胆忠心 total exhaustion 筋疲力尽 far-sightedness 远见卓识 careful consideration 深思熟虑 perfect harmony（和声；和睦）水乳交融 feed on fancies 画饼充饥 with great eagerness 如饥似渴 lack of perseverance 三天

19、打鱼，两天晒网 make a little contribution（捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦 on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕,Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more unnatural food.译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提

20、供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。原文中有三个抽象的名词：sense,point和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。sense可指“感觉”、“判断力”，point的意思是“点”，support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”，comfortable是“舒适的”，unnatural是“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的非自然的食物。,八、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词广泛使用,使得英语中出现

21、“多枝共干”式长句,复合句;汉语则常用短句,简单句。请看下面一个英语长句以及其汉意。Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。

22、英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through.and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，产生兴趣这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。,英语多从句，汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分

23、句。,英语多从句，汉语多分句 例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they posse

24、ssed.译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。,九、英语定语的位置比较灵活,汉语定语的位置比较固定.我想帮帮我那住在农村的叔叔(定语前置)。英文可以表达为:(定语从句后置)I want to help my uncle who lives in the countryside.(分词短语作定语后置)I want to help my uncle living in the countryside.(介词短语作定语后置)I want to help

25、my uncle in the countryside.,十、英语另一个显着特点是被动句多。英语重物称,常常选择不能施行动作或无生命词语作主语,由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语,使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里,不必强调动作施行者,就将其置于句尾由by连接;不必、不愿或不便言明动作施行者,就干脆将其省略。相对而言,汉语习惯于人称化表达,主语常常是能施行动作或有生命物体,所以汉语中主动句多。请看例句:It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver

26、.长期以来,大家知道心脏与肝脏关系是最主要。The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火几乎使这家有名旅馆全部毁灭。,十一、英语又一显着特点是其丰富时态。不同语言具有不同时态,有语言甚至很少或没有时态,汉语基本上就是借助词汇来表示各种时间和动作,汉语动词除了只有“着”、“了”、“过”若干说法与英语进行时、完成时或过去时相对外,别无其他与英语相对应时体形式;而英语不仅有时态,而且种类繁多(共有16种时态),区分细微,习惯性强。英语就是通过这些固定语法手段将动作进行过程与状况描绘得更准确更精细,有时甚至能表达说

27、话人感情色彩。,如:Youre always asking me such questions!你老是问我这样问题!(用现在进行时表示厌烦)I am now living in a very pleasant flat.我现在住在一间非常舒适公寓里。(用现在进行时表示满意)所以,传递同样意思,英语只要选用合适时态就可以了,汉语则必须使用词汇手段。又如:It has been noted that those who live,or have lived,in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.人

28、们已经注意到大凡受到死亡威胁人或是死里逃生人对于他们所干任何事总是兴趣盎然。,十二、就主语而言，中国人强调人的主观能动性，所以许多情况下往往喜欢以人作句子的主语，英美人则强调事物的客观性，所以常以物和具体的事实作主语，而人则退居次要位置。我看当然像这么回事。It certainly seems so to me.他想到把这件事全都交给他的妻子去办。It occurred to him to leave the whole thing to his wife.,你做这件事不费吹灰之力。It is very easy for you to do such a thing.这使我激动得说不出话来。W

29、ords fail me here.Your letter reached me yesterday.His name just escaped me.当地人似乎不怕天热。The local people dont seem to be afraid of the hot weather.It seems that the local people dont mind the hot weather.,如果汉语句子的主语是地点（个别是时间），谓语动词是状态，或者“有、发生、出现”等用 there be好像有点不对头。There seems something wrong about it.在这

30、部小说里看来没有更为有趣的东西了。There appears to be nothing more interesting in this novel.北京近几年发生了重大变化。Great changes have taken place in Beijing in recent years.,英语主语：名词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式，动名词，名词性从句）来充当。汉语主语往往比较隐蔽。健康状况不佳就无法有效地工作。ones poor health will incapacitate him from efficient work.在历史上，由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了众多

31、湖泊。The constant change of course of Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan.,我们国家的建设事业不仅仅需要的是工程师和科学家，同样需要各行各业的能工巧匠。China in her development needs not only engineers and scientists,but talents of different kinds.你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。You have made good p

32、rogress in teaching and researching but you should guard against complacency.,我感到大学学习相当紧张。I feel college studies are quite busy.I feel quite busy with college studies.他身体虽弱，但思路还敏捷。His body is weak but his spirit is good.He is physically weak but mentally sound.,我也成了一个受害者,因为在这个杂志的封面上登了我的照片,看起来像个死人。,m

33、y picture looks like a dead man.I have been a victim too,because on the cover of that magazine,my picture makes me look like a dead man.二十年来,我国的航天事业从胜利走向胜利。,our aeronautics cause has won victories one after another.In the past twenty years,we have won a series of victories for our aeronautics cause.

34、,十三、就谓语而言，汉语的连动式谓语较多，而英语一般只有一个主要谓语，其它动词成为名词、介词短语或者不定式。总统明天准备乘坐专机前往上海参观访问。The president prepares to go to shanghai by his special plane for a visit tomorrow.晚上过来跟我们一快儿去打保龄球好吗？would you come to join us for playing bowling this evening?,十四、信息中心 英语句子很重视信息的主次之分，往往把主要信息放在突出和重要的位置，而把次要信息作为辅助性的描写或叙述手段。他们患得患

35、失，生怕丢掉这些东西。Swayed by considerations of loss and gain,they are most anxious no to lose the possession.附近没有旁人，我得自己干了。There being nobody else at hand,I have to do it by myself.,十五、词序的差异 英语单词的意义由弱变强，汉语则相反。他们是些无地及少地的农民。They are peasants with little or no land.某些企业要关，停，并，转，或者减少生产任务。Some enterprises should

36、 either cut production,switch to other products,be amalgamated to others,suspend operation,or simply close down.英语的思维方式一般是由低到高，时间地点由小到大。,十六、过强的语气 汉语中有不少绝对化的表达方式，英语则讲究含蓄，委婉，不愿把话说足。到中国来访问的贵宾，我去年都跟他们讲过。I have discussed that with many foreign visitors last year.我想这个问题也是大家所关心的。I think this is also a ques

37、tion of interest to many of you.我们也准备做出最大的让步。We are prepared to make the biggest concession within its ability.,汉语思维的英语表达错误：My home raises a lovely cat.My family has a lovely cat.We keep a lovely cat at home.I have a cozy family.home.I have a happy family.,I should work much harder,otherwise,my stud

38、y would be backward.I would lag/fall behind in study.不管怎么说，我已经是一名大学生了。No matter how to say,I am already a college student.Anyway,.他到达上海两个月了。He has got to Shanghai for two months.He has been in Shanghai for two months.,你们可不要学我。Never learn from me.follow my example.昨天我们玩得很愉快。We played very happily yes

39、terday.had a good time/enjoy ourselves.这本书我能借多长时间？How long can I borrow the book?How long can I keep the book?,不知不觉，期末考试已经来临了。I didnt know the final exam had fallen.The final exam came before I realized it.draw near,around the corner,approach before I knew it My study was very busy at that time.I wa

40、s very busy with my study.be busy doing sth My teacher criticized my carelessness yesterday.me for my carelessness,My exam didnt pass.I failed in the exam.My study was very much better than that of hers.I did much better than she(did)in study.Today is Sunday.It is Sunday today.I found that to learn

41、English well was difficult.I found it difficult to,I had worked very hard,I passed the exam at last.(窜句),and/so I After school I have a lot of activities.To go to the library or to play football.(破句),such as going to the library or playing football.,To learn English well,it must be spoken regularly.

42、(不合逻辑句),we must speak it regularly.To learn English well,a great deal of practice is necessary.,one needs to have a great deal,I think he will not turn against me.I dont think he will It is obviously that It is obvious that do myself be myself contact with us contact us,get in touch with us,Natural

43、resources are less and less.We have less and less natural resources.are running out.are gradually exhausted.in campus on campus,on the list,on the team,on the busI dont know its true or not.I dont know whether its true or not.,I went to the concert yesterday night.last night.He is kind man.a kind ma

44、n.We need to practice more.practise My father adviced me not to go out alone at night.advised,a big wind a strong wind a big rain a heavy rain Excessive smoking will injure your body.health.The young man always puts on a white jacket.wears,周末许多人睡得很晚。Many people sleep late at weekends.go to bed late

45、stay up late千万别灰心。Dont lose your heart.Dont lose heart.I dont want to hear his empty words.hollow empty talk,He is our dead enemy.死敌 deadly We dont believe God.believe in The accident happened at a crossroad.crossroads.dance with the music to,Write letters to me often.Write to me often.I am a Chines

46、e.I am Chinese.I am a Chinese man.I forgot my textbook at home.I left Get up,lazy worm!lazy bones,My only capital is diligence.My only means to success is Everyone doubts that Tom is a spy.suspectsI hope you wont pull my leg.hold me back.stand in my way.He used to find my trouble.找我麻烦 pick on me/fin

47、d fault with,The price of the watch is dear.The price of the watch is high.The watch is dear.这些新房子出售的很快。These new houses are sold well.These new houses are selling well.在这种情况下，坏事可以变成好事。In this sense,bad things may turn into good things.In this sense,bad things may be turned into good things.,典型的汉语思维

48、习惯造出来的错句。I know my parents have been did their best effort to me.I took part in the college entrance examination successful.He comes from American,lives in China with his parents now.I go to Beijing two times.Most people like seeing the Spring Festival Gala in the very night.With the development of

49、economy,the cost of peoples living has raised in recent years.,risen,watching on,have been twice,America,and,took the successfully,have done their best;have made their greatest effort,raise your English level eat medicine notice your body superior than crowded traffic body health survive from the ac

50、cident I felt the room very hot.Smiling can make our body healthy.Smoking will do harm to your body.I have made the decision to compete the new post.,improve your English,take,take care of your health,superior to,heavy/busy,physical,after,I felt hot in the room.,make you physically healthy;health,co