自考英语英语语法基础材料代词.ppt

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1、(二)代词,1.掌握代词的概念、分类，英语中代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词；2.掌握代词的用法；3.理解代词在句中的功能，掌握代词作主语、表语、宾语、复合宾语、定语、状语和同位语的用法；4.能够辨析代词的用法区别，并熟练运用.,考点揭密,一、代词概述,代词就是指可以代替名词的词,可分为以下九种:人称代词(personal pronoun)物主代词(possessive pronoun)反身代词(reflexive pronoun)相互代词(reciprocal pronoun)指示代词(demonstrative pronoun)疑问代词(interro

2、gative pronoun)关系代词(relative pronoun)不定代词(indefinite pronoun),(一)、人称代词,人称代词主要有主格和宾格之别。请看下表,人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语（宾格）、表语等。例如：We found English easy to understand.They helped us to move the furniture in.Whos that?Its me.,人称代词的用法,(1)在并列的主语中，I 总放在最后。Lily,Lucy and I are good friends.莉莉，露西和我是好朋友。(2)she 可以用来代表国家、船

3、只、大地、月亮等。Whats wrong with the car?She wont start.这辆车出了什么故障？她发动不起来了。The moon is round tonight,isnt she?今晚的月亮很圆，是吧？,(3)we可以表示包括自己在内的“人们”；you可以表示泛指的“任何人”。How do we learn out mother tongue?人们是如何学会母语的？当两个以上的人称代词并列时其排列顺序一般为you,he,she,I,而复数时为we,you,they.如男女并列时，应先男后女，如：He and she 如果在表示不好意思，承担责任时，单数时用，I,he,s

4、he,you,复数时用They,you，we,如：Tom and I are good friends.,it的用法,1.要点提示 it可以用作人称代词，它还可以指时间、天气、距离、上下文等，另外，it还可以作先行词，作形式主语和形式宾语。,2.用法指南,(1)作为人称代词，it可以用来指东西、动物、婴儿和未确定身份的人。Wheres my book?Have you seen it?我的书在哪里？你看见了没有？The dog is in the garden,isnt it?狗在花园里，是吧？The baby cried because it is hungry.婴儿哭了，因为他/她饿了。(

5、Someone is ringing.)Whos it?Its me.(有人在按门铃。)谁呀？是我。(2)it 可以指上下文内容 The Olympic Game will be held in Beijing in 2008.It makes the Chinese proud.2008年将在北京举行奥运会。这使得中国人非常自豪。,(3)it表示时间、天气、距离等。What time is it now?Its half past nine.现在几点了？九点半 It is cold.天气冷。Its about ten kilometers from the park to the museu

6、m.公园到博物馆大约是十公里。(4)it用作形式主语或形式宾语 Its very important for us to learn English well.(实际主语是to learn English well)对我们来说，学好英语很重要。I found it hard to fly a kite.(实际主语是to fly a kite)我发现放风筝很难。,(二)物主代词,物主代词包括形容词性物主代词,有my,your,his/her/its,our,their,和名词性物主代词，包括mine,yours,his/hers,ours,theirs.形容词性物主代词在句中作定语，相当于一个形

7、容词，名词性物主代词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语（直接宾语、介词宾语），相当于一个名词。例如：Water is very important to our life.Its a habit of theirs.I left my dictionary at home.May I use yours?,(三)反身代词,反身代词包括：myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself;ourselves,yourselves,themselves,以及oneself。例如：I really feel quite ashamed of myself for it.I hope

8、 youll enjoy yourself at the party.Help yourself to more soup,please.,反身代词用法,反身代词是一种表示反射或强调的代词，词尾是self或selves。反身代词表示“某人自己”，与它所指代的名词或代词在人称、性、数上保持一致。(1)反身代词用作同位语，表示强调 Youll have to do it yourself.你得自己去干。The theory itself is all right.这理论本身没有问题。(2)反身代词与人称代词宾格的区别在于，只有当主语和宾语是同一个人时才使用反身代词。He saw himself i

9、n the mirror.(he和himself指的是同一人)他在镜子里看见了自己。He saw him in the mirror.(he和him指的不是同一人，him指代另一个人)他在镜子里看见了他。,(3)反身代词的固定搭配是常考内容：They enjoyed themselves at the party last night.昨天晚上他们在聚会上玩得很开心。Help yourself to some fish.吃点鱼吧。I taught myself swimming when I was six.我六岁时自学了游泳。反身代词的固定搭配：by oneself(靠)自己 enjoy o

10、neself 过得愉快 help oneself to 随便吃 teach oneself 自学 talk to oneself 自言自语,(四)指示代词,指示代词包括this,that,these,those指示代词在句中可作主语、宾语（直接宾语，介词宾语）、表语和定语。例如：This steel is not hard enough for our purpose.That argument of his convinces no one.This is what I want to say.Wait until youve heard this.Whats all this?(=What

11、s the trouble/matter?)John is the monitor of the class,and as such must decide how to do next.Ill tell you about that unforgettable ten days in North Africa.,指示代词用法,(1)表示空间上的远近：this和these表示近。that和those表示远。No one had worked in this place for ages.已经好多年没有人在这个地方工作过了。I dont like the look of those clouds

12、.我不喜欢那些云的样子。(2)表示时间上的远近 These days the Olympics must mean the best.现今，奥林匹克运动会肯定是水平最高的。At that point he became worried.就在那时，他变得担心起来。,注意：that和those有时可以用来代表前面刚提到过的名词以避免重复。The best cotton is that from Xinjiang.新疆的棉质量最好。指示代词的固定搭配：like this 像这样 thats all right 没关系 more than that 更重要的是 for all that 尽管如此 So

13、 thats that.就是这样。,(五)疑问代词,疑问代词包括：who(指人，主格），whom（宾格），whose（所有格），what（指物）,which（指人或物）。疑问代词引导疑问句，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：Which do you like best,your mother or your father?Who is your favourite composer?What channel did you watch on television last night?Whom did you meet on your way home?这里，which是同学们不易掌

14、握的内容，其实，同学们只须记住，对作定语的内容提问，常用which.例如:I like the red shirt._ _ do you like?,(六)关系代词,who(whom,whose),which,that等可用做关系代词，引导定语从句。例如：He is a man who can play the piano very well.The people whom you met in the campus yesterday are from England.Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter?,

15、(七)不定代词,不定代词在初中课本中主要有some,any，each,every,all,none both,either neither,other,another,one,many,much,few,little,1.some&any,some（一些，某）一般用于肯定句中 注：some有时也可用于表示请求的疑问句中。在由would you like发出的问句中，表达了说话者真心实意要为对方提供些饮料，或在说话者想得到对方的肯定答复时，在疑问句中要用some而不用any。Will you give me some water?Would you like some meat?May I as

16、k some questions?Could I have some apples?any（任何）多用于疑问句和否定句,2.every&each,every 单数名词“每一个”强调共性，作定语,形式上为单数。如:Every child likes playing games.each“每一个”强调个性，作定语、主语、宾语和同位语，常与of连用。each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，Each of them has a nice skirt.但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。如:We each ha

17、ve a ticket for the concert.every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every 则侧重于全体。every用于三者或三者以上的每一个，而each用于二者或二者以上的每一个。因为街道只有两侧，所以只能用each而不能用every.,3.All&none,3.all“(全部)都”表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时，一般放在连系、助动词之后，行为动词之前。如：We are all from Canada.=All of us are from Canada.none“没有”表示三者或三者以上都不，后常跟介词of

18、。如：None of us is/are afraid of dogs.（单、复数均可）,4.both,either,neither,4.both“（两者）都”,作主语时，看作复数；作定语时，后跟名词复数。either“两者中任何一个”,作主语时，谓语用第三人称单数;作定语时，后跟名词单数。neither“(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，用法同either。如：They both swim well.Both of them swim well.There are trees on both sides of the street.=There are trees on either side

19、of the street.Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.Neither answer is right.,5.Another&other,another+单数名词,“另一个”,用于泛指 one the other“一个，另一个”the other+复数名词=the others“其他的人或物”（指确定范围内剩下的全部）others“别人”如：There are ten students here.Where are the others?There are ten students here Where are the other s

20、tudents?,6.eitheror,neithernor,由eitheror,neithernor,or 连接两个主语时，如果两主语是单数时，用单数代词，如两主语是复数时，用复数代词，如：Either teachers or students want to do their best to help the old man.在eitheror,或neithernor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。,7.one,one作代词时，它的复数形式是ones,所有格形式是ones，反身代词为oneself.如果one与别的词组成其他词，如：someone,anyone,eve

21、ryone或only one 则要用his/her，来作其所有格形式。,8.many,much,few,little,many,much,few,little这4个词前仅能用so much用于不可数名词，作主语时用单数谓语动词。而many用于可数名词，它作主语时用复数形式的谓语动词。a few/a little为有一些。few用于可数名词，little用于不可数名词,意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。如：You have few friends,have you?,(八)相互代词,相互代词包括each other和one a

22、nother。相互代词有数和格的变化，each others,one anothers为所有格形式。相互代词在句中作宾语（直接宾语，介词宾语），其所有格可作定语。如：Most of us know each other pretty well.The men shook hands with one another.,三 例题解析,1 These are books.Yours are over there.A/B my C me D mine 2 is she?She is a teacher.A What B How C Who D Where3 is wrong with my watc

23、h.It has stopped.A Something,working B Something,to work C Any thing,working D Anything,to work,答案B.析这里应用形容词性物主代词。,答案A.析这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?应译为“她身体如何?”而Who is she?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。,答案A.析因为是肯定句所以应用Somethin

24、g,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。,4 Mary,help to the bananas,please.A you B your C yourself D yourselves5 do you go to school every day?By bus.A How B Why C When D Where,答案C.析help oneself to something为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”，而yourselves为“你们”。,答案A.析这题的答案是由问句决定的。,6 My skirt is popular than.A much,her B much,h

25、ers C more,her D more,hers7 Can you speak English?Yes,but only.A few B a few C little D a little,答案D.析因句中有than,所以应选用比较级，而than后要选用名词性物主代词。,答案D.析因会讲某种语言的多少要用a little,把它看作不可数名词对待，此答语为：是的，但仅仅会讲一点。,8 Mr.Smith is an old friend of.A I B me C my D mine9“do you hear from your parents?”“About once a month.”A

26、How long B How manyC How often D How much,答案D.析这里应选名词性物主代词，这也是英语的一种习惯用法，而不要选择my。,答案C.析How often问的是某一动作发生的频率，即在单位时间内发生多少次。,10 Mr Green wouldnt say at the meeting.A everything B nothing C anything D something11“Mum,Anns coming tonight.Lets give her to eat.”“Good idea!”A anything nice B nice anythingC

27、something nice D nice something,答案C.析在否定句中应用anything,答案C.析肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。,12 When shall we meet,this evening or tomorrow evening?I dont mind.time is OK.A Some B Neither C Either D Both13 This is not her kite,but.A hes B him C he D his,答案C.析因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，

28、由于答语前有I dont mind 则决定不能选择neither.,答案D.析要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。,14 Dont worry,Mum!news is good news.Im sure daddy will come back soon.A No B Many C Those D Two15 Mary has six apples.Her brother has three.She has apples than he.A few B many C more D fewer,答案A.析这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。,答案C.析由于是比较级，根据题意应

29、选“多于”而不是“少于”。,1.There isnt in todays newspaper.A anything interesting B something interestingC nothing interesting D interesting anything2.September 10th is Day?A Teacher B Teachers C Teachers D Teachers3.In England,people eat a lot of“takeaway”food.What about people in your country?A So we do.B We

30、do so.C So do we.D We so do.4.Shall we go into that shop and have a look?Sorry.I wont.I have to do there.A everything B anything C something D nothing,课时训练,A,D,C,D,由于句子是否定句，应选择anything，而且不定代词的修饰语应放在其后面。,在答语中用简略方式表达上文的一个动作同样适用于另一个主语时，则要采用倒装句，但如果仅仅是对上句的重复则不要倒装。,这个答案的选择应由上下两句对话内容作出决定。,5.My sister doesn

31、t like skating.A So do I B So I dontC Neither I dont D Neither do I6.Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,.A you,he and I B I,you and heC he,I and you D you,I and he7.All the students are busy,soof them will go to the concert.A many B little C a few D few,D.析这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合于

32、第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。,A.析这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。,D.,8.Oh,dear!Who broke the glass?Sam Bruce.It was the cat.A Both,and B Not,but C Neither,nor D Either,or9.The students are having a good time in the park.Some are drawing by the lake.are climbing the hill.A Others B Other C Another D The other10.She is

33、not a nurse.Im not.A also B either C neither D too11.I have two pencils.One is red,is blue.A the other B another C others D the others,C.,A.析这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。,B.,A.析两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而the others是特指复数代名词。,12.Sorry,I cant answer your question.I know abou

34、t the subject.A little B a little C few D a few13.The teacher gave student a new book.A nobody B both C each D any14.Black is neither a teacher a worker.A or B either C nor D and15.Our teacher gave uson studying.A many advices B some advicesC an advice D some advice,A.,C.both其后的名词应为复数，而any用于疑问句和否定句中

35、只有each可以修饰单数可数名词。,C.,D.,16.There are two foreign friends in the park.One is from Japan,is from America.A other B others C the other D the others17.Are there on the table?A some cups B any cup C some cup D any cups18.Ive just bought five stamps.One is a German stamp,are American stamps.A the other B

36、the others C other D others,C.,D.析此句是疑问句，应用any cups,因提问时的be动词用的是are。,B.析此空应填入主语。又因其范围已定，所以应选特指的代名词。the other只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。,19.It was fine day that they went to the park.A a so B so a C such a D a such20.At that time the train was slow and noisy.Sopeople liked taking trains.A little B

37、a little C few D a few21.We must help and understand each.A other B another C others D the other,A.析each other意为“互相”，是习惯用语。,C,C.析在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day.,22.is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man B One C That D It23.Jane has se

38、nt several letters,but of them have been answered.A all B both C either D none24.I dont know about the new headmaster.A something B everything C nothing D anything25.of the students in the whole class could do this physics question.A No B None C Not D Neither,D.,D.析several letters意为“若干信件”，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。,D.析否定句中应用anything.,B.,See you next time!,