语言学简明教程Chapter.ppt
《语言学简明教程Chapter.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学简明教程Chapter.ppt(29页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、1,Chapter 6 Grammar and Text,6.1 Introduction,Text(语篇),a chunk of lnguage spoken or written for communication in actual circumstances.,A text is sentences of any length put together,with texture.Texture(语篇织体)is what binds a text together,intrinsically and contextually.,2,This chapter explores how gr
2、ammar is related to text.-Functional GrammarM.A.K.HallidayMichael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday(often M.A.K.Halliday)(born 1925)is a British linguist who developed an internationally influential grammar model,the systemic functional grammar(which also goes by the name of systemic functional linguistic
3、s SFL).,3,Functional Grammar:basic viewsLanguage is the product of social activities.Language is what it is because it has to serve certain social functions.Social demands on L has helped to shape its structure.韩礼德认为语言的性质决定人们对语言的要求,即语言所必须完成的功能。尽管这种功能千变万化,我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的抽象的功能,这就是“纯理功能”或“元功能”,这是种种语言用
4、途所固有的。纯理论功能包括三方面:Three Metafunctions:Ideational function(概念功能)Interpersonal function(人际功能)Textual function(语篇功能),4,Ideational function(概念功能):to convey new information unknown to the hearer.语言是对存在于主客观世界的过程和事物的反映,这是“经验”功能。逻辑功能以表现为并列关系和从属关系的线性的循环结构的形式出现。由于两者都是建立于说话人对外部世界和内心世界的经验,与其它功能相比较是中性的,因而可统称为“概念”
5、功能。“观察者”的功能(指说话人对主客观世界的观察),5,Interpersonal function(人际功能):to express social and personal relations;the ways speaker enters into a speech situation and performs a speech act.语言是社会人有意义的活动,是做事的手段,是动作,因此它的功能之一必然是反映人与人之间的关系,如反映说话人和听话人之间的社会地位和亲疏关系。这个纯理功能称为“人际”功能。“闯入者”的功能,(指向他人灌输自己的思想),6,Textual function(语
6、篇功能):to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences.实际使用中的语言的基本单位不是词或句这样的语法单位,而是表达相对完整思想的语篇。上述两种功能部分最后要由说话人把它们组织成语篇才能实现。这就是“语篇”功能。语篇功能满足了使实际应用中的语言前后相关联的要求,使实际的上下文具备一定的结构,从而使实际的篇章区别于语法或者词典中一个个孤立的条
7、目。它提供了一系列潜在的可用的意义,使语言结构的组成成为可能。“相关”功能(指语篇的完整性、一致性和衔接性)。,7,An example,(1)John saw a handbag in a field.John walked across a field and picked up a handbag.John took a handbag to the police station and John handed in a handbag as lost property.When John handed a handbag as lost property,John went home.
8、(2)John saw a handbag in a field.He walked across the field and picked up the handbag.He took the handbag to the police station and handed it in as lost property.When he had done this,he went home.,8,Thematic structureTextual function Information structureCohesion,9,6.2 Theme and Textual functionCom
9、pare:A halfpenny is the smallest English coin.The smallest English coin is a halfpenny.Theme is the point of departure in a sentence.It is the element which serves to relate the message of the sentence to the unfolding text.The rest of the clause is the Rheme.Theme+Rheme,10,Different themes show the
10、 different concerns of the writer,e.g.:(1)The butcher knife was found in the garden by the police.(by who)(2)The police found the butcher knife in the garden.(where)(3)In the garden the police found the butcher knife.(what),11,Thematic progression(主位推进模式),Theme has a function of organizing the infor
11、mation into a text.Theme is concerned with the organization of information within individual clause and,through this,with the organization of the larger text.,Danes(1974)identified a number of models of Thematic progression:,The continuous or constant theme pattern The linear theme pattern The split
12、 rheme pattern,12,The continuous or constant theme pattern,They are basically timid or self-conscious.They lack frankness and are usually very sensitive but hate to admit it.They are motivated either by great ambition or extreme laziness.,A common theme shard by each clause and this theme equates wi
13、th GIVEN information.,13,(2)The linear theme pattern The milk goes first to a clarifier.The clarfier is a machine for applying centrifugal force.It consists of a rapidly revolving bowl containing several discs.The discs separate the milk into thin streams.The streams of milk then pass into a preheat
14、er.The preheater,14,(3)The split rheme patternFor me,teaching is a red-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking stomach profession.Red eye because I never fell ready to teach,no matter how.Sweaty-palm because Im always nervous before I walk into that classroom.Sinking stomach,because I walk out of the classroom an h
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 简明 教程 Chapter
链接地址:https://www.31ppt.com/p-6003273.html