翻译第一讲翻译概述.ppt
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1、Course Introduction,Type:Minors Semester:2 Lecture Hours:8 weeks Thursday:7:00-9:30Lecturer:Tian Rongchang TEL:13759939695E-mail:,Evaluation,30%Attendance;In-Class Performance;Assignment Completion.70%Final Test Paper 50%Translation Theory&Principle 50%Textual or Sentences Translation,Requirements,P
2、unctuality and diligence is rewarding for every student.Please read some relevant translation theories before the class.Please get yourself actually and actively involved in the class.If you have any challenge or difficulty in learning,please tell me directly.Complete the assignment before deadline.
3、,Format of Final Test,Theory&Principle Retrospection 5 PiecesSentences Translation 10 E-C 10 C-ETextual Translation English-Chinese 150 words-200 words Chinese-English 100 words-150 words,第一讲,What or Why Translation?翻译概述,“狗”+“怪物”如何译?译句:It is a monster of a dog.,母牛的快乐?译句:He was now as happy as a cow.
4、,讲解:从意思上看,原译听上去有点怪,狗怎么会有怪物呢?(如果翻译时照字面直译译文奇怪或不通,应该自问哪里出了问题,多数情况下恐怕是没真正弄懂原文。)即使是某条狗真拥有怪物,那么monster前似乎也该是定冠词the而不是不定冠词a。其实,这句里的of是特殊的用法,叫“同位修饰”,即of前后的两个成分是“同位语”,前一个是修饰后一个的,所以这句应译成:这是一条恶魔般的狗。,解释:按字面意思是“他现在像母牛一样快乐。”的确,这样很“忠实”于原文,但“忠实”得过分,因为汉语中说某人“快乐”从来没有将其比作“母牛”的。中国人看不懂。在英国人想象中,母牛吃饱了怡然自得,是很满足开心的样子。所以原句只能
5、译为:这时候他快活极了/甭提他有多高兴。,书写给鸟看?译句:His new book is strictly for the birds.,没有自行车的鱼译句:A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle.,解释:其实许多词典都注明for the birds是一个源自美国的成语,主要用于口语,意为“没有意思或价值”,因为birds在英语里常指比自己stupid,weak的人,因此为birds准备的东西被智力正常的人认为是unacceptable。,bird一词在英语中有贬义也有褒义,可以指女孩(dolly bird)、犯人(jai
6、l bird)、机灵鬼(downy bird)、行家老手(old bird)、怪人(queer bird)、夜猫子(night bird)、早起的人(early bird)等。,解释:没有男人的女人就像没有自行车的鱼。完全忠实于原文,可是却让人一头雾水,怎么也想象不出来“没有自行车的鱼”是什么意思。,介词常常含有动作的意思,without不但可以译成“没有”,也可以译成“不需要”,理解起来也方便些,即将a fish without a bicycle译为“鱼不需要自行车”。全句可以译为:(就像)鱼儿不需要/用不着自行车,女人也不(见得)需要/用得着男人。当然再进一步意译为“鱼儿没有自行车活得很
7、自在,女人没有男人也可以活得很滋润/潇洒”也未尝不可,1、翻译的概念2、翻译的性质3、翻译在外语教学中的地位4、翻译与其他学科的关系5、翻译的分类6、译者的素养 7、翻译市场的现状8、翻译工具箱,1、翻译的概念,翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整的重新表达出来的语言活动。-张培基(1980),翻译是一种跨越时空的语言活动,是把一种语言已经表达出来的东西用另一种语言准确而完整地重新表达出来(范存忠:漫谈翻译翻译理论与技巧中国对外翻译出版公司,1985,p.80),翻译是从语义到文体在译入语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息(谭载喜:奈达论翻译中国对外翻译出版公司,1
8、984,p.10)。,J.C.Catford:英国爱丁堡大学应用语言学院语言学家、翻译学家,Translation may be defined as follows:the replacement of textual material in one language(SL-source language)by equivalent textual material in another language(TL-target language).,卡特福德的主要理论贡献,翻译如何作到“等值(equivalent or equal)”探讨了翻译类型,方法,条件,限度提出学校外语教学使用“语法-
9、翻译法”,即教学中应谨慎适当辅以翻译法并不会对教学构成危险,相反,翻译是一种很有价值的语言学习技能提高的手段。,什么是“等值”?,The term“equivalence”in translation first appeared in J.R.Firths writing when he stated that“the so-called translation equivalence between two languages is never really equivalent”(SnellHornby,1988:37).,“In rendering,the translator is
10、to convey the meaning without embellishment.translator is to make his translation intelligible and faithful,which is the best policy to follow”.Yan Fu-“Xin(信),Da(达),Ya(雅)”(faithfulness,expressiveness and elegance).,如何“对等”?,倾盆大雨?下着猫和狗??,Rain cats and dogs,Peter Newmark,Translation is a craft consisti
11、ng in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language.(Translating)is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text.Notes:Rendering-A depiction or an interpretation;tran
12、slation Craft-Skill in doing or making something,as in the arts;proficiency,彼得纽马克的主要理论贡献,中伦敦大学教授 英国萨里大学翻译与研究中心任教提出两种不同的翻译途径交际翻译和语义翻译交际翻译是技术-注重译文读者的反应,译文的顺畅实际效果与原文发生冲突是,内容让位于效果;语义翻译是艺术-重视译文是否忠实于原作,原文的内容,信息第一,必要时可牺牲原文实际效果而尽可能地译出原文内容.,Samuel Johnson,To translate is to change into another language,retai
13、ning as much of the sense as one can.将一语转入他语,尽可能保持原来的“韵”(“神”、“味道”),巴尔胡达罗夫(语言与翻译1985),“翻译就是把依照语言地言语产物在保持内容方面(也就是意义)不变地情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。”,Malcolm Cowley,Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background.翻译是“再创作”,Eugene Nida 尤金
14、奈达,Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language(TL译入语)the closest natural equivalent of the source language(SL原语、译出语)message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.“翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的自然对等物,首先是就意义而言,其次是就文体而言。”,奈达定义的理论,明确说明了要译的是什么(信息message)暗示了由于语言文化上的差异,原文和译文只能做到相
15、对的对等(closest最贴近的)考虑了译文的可接受性,认为译文优劣要看译文读者对其的理解程度,意即,翻译为谁?提出readers response提出“功能对等”functional equivalence,Some Definitions by Modern Translation Theorists,Gideon Toury,“A translation is taken to be any target-language utterance which is presented or regarded as such within the target culture,on whate
16、ver grounds.”翻译被看作是任何目标言语在译入文化任何范围内的呈现,Christiane Nord,“Translation is the production of a functional target text maintaining a relationship with a given source text that is specified according to the intended or demanded function of the target text.”,Jean Sager,“Translation is an externally motivat
17、ed industrial activity,supported by information technology,which is diversified in response to the particular needs of this form of communication.”,吕俊,“翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换活动,其本质是传播,是传播学中一个有特殊性质的领域。”,沈苏儒,“翻译是把具有某一文化背景的发送者用某种语言(文字)所表达的内容尽可能充分地、有效地传达给使用另一种语言(文字)、具有另一种文化背景的接受者。”,张今,“翻译是两个语言社会(language comm
18、unity)之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的主要是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文化进步,它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映像或艺术映像,完好无损地从一种语言译注到另一种语言中去。”,Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language,“It is sometimes said that there is no task more complex than translation-a claim that can be readily believed when all the variables involved are taken into account.Tra
19、nslators not only need to know their source language well;they must also have a thorough understanding of the field of knowledge covered by the source text,and of any social,cultural,or emotional connotations that need to be specified in the target language if the intended effect is to be conveyed.T
20、he same special awareness needs to be present for the target language,so that points of special phrasing,local(e.g.regional)expectations,and so on,can all be taken into account.”,2、翻译的性质,翻译是科学:翻译有规律可循翻译是艺术:翻译是译者对原文进行再创造的过程。翻译是技能:翻译有技巧,这些技巧可以通过理论学习和翻译实践获得。,翻译5 种不同角度的性质分类,1)从译出语和译入语的角度来分类,翻译可分为本族语译为外语
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