托福听力速记符号.ppt
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1、1.Abbreviations,A:Symbols helpful in math-these are commonly used in texts and references.S=sum f=frequency B:Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.cf=compare e.g.=example C:Use only the first syllable of a word.pol=politics dem=democracy lib=liberal cap=capitalism D:Use entire first syllable
2、and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.pres=presentation subj=subject ind=individual cons=conservative,E:Eliminate final letters.Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.assoc=associate biol=biology info=information ach=achievement chem=chemistry max=maximum intro=introduction co
3、nc=concentration min=minimum,F:Omit vowels,retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.ppd=prepared prblm=problem estmt=estimate bkgd=background gvt=government G:Use an apostrophe in place of letters.amt=amount contd=continued govt=government educatl=educational,H:Form
4、the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.chpts=chapters egs=examples fs=frequencies intros=introductions I:Use g to represent ing endings.ckg=checking estg=establishing decrg=decreasing exptg=experimenting,J:If a term,phrase,or name is written out in full during the lecture,substitute
5、initials whenever the term,phrase,or name is used again.For example,Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.K:Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.&=and w/=with w/o=without vs=against,L:Use technical symbols where applicable.zb=German,for example ibid=Lati
6、n,the same work o=degrees H2O=water M:Use g to represent ing endings.Examples:decrg decreasing ckg checking estblg establishing,2.Letters and images,Z 表示“人”people/person,因为“Z”看上去像个人头,它通常被写在一个词或符号的右上角。例如:日本人:JZ。E 表示总数:total,totally,entire,entirely,on the whole,all in all,to sum up,ect.E 数学符号表示总值。Q 表示
7、通货膨胀:inflation因为这个符号酷似一个上升的气球。,i 表示工业:industry,industrial 字母i 像只烟囱,所以用来可以用来表示工业。U U 看酷似一个酒杯,在笔记中表示合同、协议(treaty,agreement)一般只有在谈判成功、协议成交后才会表示举杯祝贺。如果在U内填入2,就可以表示为bilateral(双边的),填入3表示为trilateral(三边的)。填入在U中填入1表示:Unilateralism(单边主义),填入m(multiple)表示多边主义。如果在U上加一个/表示谈判破裂。,圆圈表示一个圆桌,中间一点表示一盆花,这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等:
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