名词性从句和定语从句.ppt

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1、名词性从句&定语从句,The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.,先行词,放置于名词之_，修饰名词的从句,关系词,连接作用,1.,2.,在从句中充当成分,后,主句,The Attributive Clause定语从句,3,代替先行词,关系词,1.,关系代词,2.,关系副词,1.,指人,2.,指物,3.,指某一情况,that,who,whom,whose（的）,that,which,whose（的）,which,as,不能放于句首,放于句中或句首,“正如”,when,where,why,(代替先行词在从句中做主语/宾语),(状语),The boy

2、 who/that is handsome is Tom.,.先行词是人的情况：,The boy is Tom.The boy is smiling.,The boy is Tom.The boy is handsome.,The boy who/that is smiling is Tom.(主语),The man is kind.Everyone likes him.,The man(who/whom/that)everyone likes is kind.(宾语),This is the boy.I sit behind him.,This is the boy(who/whom/tha

3、t)I sit behind.,This is the boy behind whom I sit.,The apple which/that is red is mine.,.先行词是物的情况：,Mrs.Clark is angry with the goat.The goat is eating her flowers.,Mrs.Clark is angry with the goat which/that is eating her flowers.,Do you find the pen?I wrote with it just now.,Do you find the pen wit

4、h which I wrote just now?,Do you find the pen(which/that)I wrote with just now?,3.which/that 指物，在从句中作_(作宾语可省略,如介词提前则不能省),These are the trees which/that were planted last year.,This recorder（which/that）he is using ismade in Japan.,Is this the library(which/that)you borrow books from?,Is this the libr

5、ary from which you borrowbooks?,小结：,主语或宾语,which 引导的特殊定语从句:which 有时会引导一个非限制行定语从句对前面整个句子进行补充说明。Tom was always late for school,which made his teacher angry.He has been to Paris more than several times,which I dont believe.The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.,as与which引导的非限

6、制性定语从句,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。1.当与such或the same连用时，一般用as。e.g.Such books as you tell me about are interesting.She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.2.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。e.g.As we all know,the earth is round.,as 具有“正如,就象”之意，搭配的动词一般是固定的as you know/as is known(to all)as you see as we pl

7、anned as we expected/as was expectedas is reportedas is mentioned above,that 指_，在从句中作 _(作宾语可省略）,A plane is a machine.It can fly.,A plane is a machine that/which can fly.,He is the man.I told you about him.,He is the man(that/who/whom)I told you about.,小结：,不能用that 情况：,1.介词提前2.非限制性定语从句,人/物,主语或宾语(表语）,I

8、s this the library from which you borrow books?from that,The man to whom I nodded is Professor Li.,to that,在先行词为物的情况下that和which一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。,I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.,Ive read all the books that are not mine.,This is the first book(that)he has read.,This is

9、the very book that belongs to him.,(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much 等不定代词时。,(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等 修饰时。,(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。,(4)先行词被the only,the very,修饰时。,(5)先行词既有人又有物时Mary and her dog that were here just now disappeared all of a sudden.(6)避免重复Who is the

10、man that is standing there?Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?,(7)关系词在从句中做表语 The mountain village is not the place that it used to be.,(1)The scientist is very famous in the world.We met her yesterday.,The scientist we met yesterday is very famous who in the world.whom that,(2)The dress is new.S

11、he is wearing it.,The dress that she is wearing is new.which,(3)He is the kind person.I have ever worked with him.,(4)This is the best film.I have ever seen this film.,He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.who whom,This is the best film that I have ever seen.,whose 引导的定语从句。,表示所属关系。相当于“的

12、”，后面紧跟一个名词。注意：whose 在定语从句中既可以相当于“人的”，也可以相当于“物的”.whose+名词=（the）名词+of whom/which,The river(_ banks are covered with trees)flows to the sea.The boy(_ father died in the earthquake)worked very hard.,whose,whose,whose 引导的定语从句。,表示所属关系。相当于“的”，后面紧跟一个名词。注意：whose 在定语从句中既可以相当于“人的”，也可以相当于“物的”.whose+名词=（the）名词+o

13、f whom/which,There are in this class 20 students,(_ are different).A.whose backgrounds B.the backgrounds of whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose,关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。,注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。,Where 引导的定语从句。

14、,先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用引导定语从句。从句做状语。,This is the town where(=in which)I spent my childhood.The table where(=at which)she is sitting is a new one.Ill show you the point where you failed.,When 引导的定语从句。,先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定语从句。从句作状语。,Ill never forget the day when(=on which)I met you.This was the tim

15、e when(=at which)he left for Bijing.We will put off the outing until next week,when we wont be busy.,why引导的定语从句。,先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句。从句作状语。,This is the reason why(=for which)I didnt come here.,1.Ill never forget the days_ we worked together.2.Ill never forget the days _ we spent together.3.I went to

16、 the place I worked ten years ago.4.I went to the place _ I visited ten years ago.5.This is the reason _ he was late.6.This is the reason _ he gave.,when/in which,which,where/in which,which,why/for which,that/which,及物动词,及物动词,及物动词,关系代词?关系副词?,定语从句易犯错误(1).先行词方面 Is this house that he used to live in?（改为

17、：_）切记:先行词不可省略比较:Is this the house that he used to live in?(2).从句的判断错误 He lost the game;which made us sad.（改为：_）He has two sisters,one of them is a teacher.（改为：_）,house后加the one,that,whom,有分号或连词时不是定语从句,是平行结构.,(3).定语从句中主谓一致:一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致 The students who were here just now are from No.1 Senio

18、r Middle School.比较:,He is the only one of the students who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.,如果one of+复数名词后跟有定语从句，一般情况下one of后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only 修饰时，先行词则为one。,非限制性定语从句和单句的比较1.I am reading Harry Porter,_is an interesting book.2.He failed in the exam._ made his

19、 parents angry.3.He failed in the exam,_made his parents angry.4.He has two sons.Both of _ are teachers.5.He has two sons,both of _ are teachers.,which,That,which,them,whom,Noun Clauses include:,Subjective Clause(主语从句),Objective Clause(宾语从句),Predicative Clause(表语从句),Appositive Clause(同位语从句),I.Concep

20、tion Input,noun clauses,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,That she did best in the exam pleased her parents.,I think that physics is very hard to learn.,The problem is that we havent got in touch with them.,The news that our team won the first prize excited all of us.,(that引导的),主语从句 在复合句中作主句的主语.引导词有连词that,whethe

21、r(that 不可省);代词有who,what,which;副词 when,where,how,why 等.如:,1._ he is a famous singer is known to us.(It is known to us that he is a famous singer.),2._ he will go to America is not yet fixed.(It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.)3._ he said was right.It was right what he said.,That,When,Wha

22、t,用it 作形式主语的结构,(1)It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识(2)It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that S+should do 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是(important,necessary,impossible)(3)It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧(4)It 过去分词 从句It has been proved

23、that 已证实 It is said that 据说,表语从句,表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem 等。另，常用的还有the reason is that 和 It is because 等结构。例如：1)The question is _ we can make good preparation in such a short time.2)This is _ we cant get the support of the people3)But the fact remains _ we are behin

24、d the other classes.4)The reason why he is late for school is _ he missed the early bus.,whether,why,that,that,表语从句,如果句子的主语是suggestion,order,advice,proposal等名词时，后面that引导的表语从句用“（should)+动词原形”形式,His suggestion is that we（should）finish the work at once.,宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词后。1.作

25、动词的宾语1)由that引导的宾语从句（that可以省略）,1.I heard that be joined the army.2.She did not know what had happened.3.I wonder whether you can change the note.4.He told me that he would accept my invitation.2.作介词的宾语 Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.3.作形容词的宾语 I am afraid(that)Ive

26、made a mistake.,引导宾语从句的that常常可以省略,但在以下情况不能省略.,make,find,feel,consider这些词后面用 it作形式宾语时,that不能省略。,I find it necessary that we study English.,2)有两个宾语从句时，第二个that不能省略。,He said(that)he would go there the next day and that his family wouldnt go there.,3)与动词相隔离的宾语从句，that不能省略。,The teacher tells us very often

27、that we should study hard.,4)宾语从句放在句首时,为了强调,that不能省略。,That he has done such a thing I cant believe.,同位语从句 在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词 fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion 等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词.引导词有 连词 that;少数情况下也可用连接副词等.如:,1.The thought that we night success excited us.2.The idea that they should try a second

28、 time is worth considering.3.You had no idea how worried I was.,4.The possibility whether Bush will win the election is worth considering.5.I have no idea what the life will be like in 2100s.,同位语从句与定语从句的区别,The news that he told me is that he would go abroad.（他告诉我的消息是真的）（that引导的是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)Th

29、e news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）,Tell the difference,1.The news that the plane would take off on time made everybody happy.2.The news that is spreading around the airport is that a heavy storm is coming.,3.The suggestion that students should learn s

30、omething practical is worth considering.4.The suggestion that they are considering is that students should learn something practical.,同位语从句与定语从句的区别,(1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。,(2)定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：,1)The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）,