句子成分和基本句型的讲解.ppt

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1、2023/9/6,1,英语语法,句子成分和基本句型,2023/9/6,2,(Members of a Sentence),2023/9/6,3,什么是句子？,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？！,I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!,2023/9/6,4,现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object

2、）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,句子包括哪些成分？,2023/9/6,5,主语(Subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下列结构表示。,2023/9/6,6,1.During the 1990s,American country music has become more and more pop

3、ular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,2023/9/6,7,7.When we are going to have an English test has not

4、 been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,2023/9/6,8,句子成分练习题(一)(一).指出下列句中主语的中心词（4分，4分钟）The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.There is an old man coming here.The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.To do tod

5、ays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,2023/9/6,9,谓语,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten oclock.,2023/9/6,10,谓语,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）

6、由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,2023/9/6,11,1.Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.A.Tom B.didnt C.do D.his homework2.What I want to tell you is this.A.want B.to tell C.you D.is3.We

7、had better send for a doctor.A.We B.had C.send D.doctor4.He is interested in music.A.is B.interested C.in D.music5.Whom did you give my book to?A.give B.did C.whom D.book,2023/9/6,12,表语,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、

8、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,2023/9/6,13,1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2.Is it yours?（代词）3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4.The speech is exciting.（分词）5.Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）,2023/9/6,14,6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）7.His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8.The meeting is of gre

9、at importance.（介词短语）9.Time is up.The class is over.（副词）10.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）,2023/9/6,15,挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired.Why is he worried about Jim?The leaves have turned yellow.Soon They all became interested in the subject.She was the first to learn abo

10、ut it.,2023/9/6,16,在系动词后的部分就是表语常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was)状态：seem,appear,prove-感官：smell,feel,taste,sound,look变化：become,get,turn,go,come,grow持续：remain,stay,keep,2023/9/6,17,I.常用作连系动词：变成,变得：become,come,fall,get,go,grow,run,turn口诀：好是come，坏是go;天气、外貌慢慢grow;流水、金钱缓缓run;颜色、天气大不同turn；Get become口语化，如果要说就用它

11、.口诀解读：Come 一般表示事物由坏变好，结果是好的。如：Dreams come true.梦想成真。Go 一般表示事物由好变坏，结果是不好的。如：Its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.今天太热了，菜都馊了。,2023/9/6,18,Grow 表示逐渐变化，强调的是缓慢变化的过程，后面往往接表示天气或外貌变化的静态形容词。如：我想和你一起慢慢变老。I want to grow old with you.Run 与grow 是对应的，其主语多为能流动，能消耗的东西。如：Still water runs deep.静水深流

12、。Turn多接表示颜色和天气的形容词，侧重于表达与之前大不相同。如：The weather suddenly turned hot.天气突然变热了。,2023/9/6,19,4.宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lend me your dictionary.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）They elected him their monitor.,2023/9/6,20,宾语,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.He is doing his homework

13、.2.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3.How many dictionaries do you have?I have five.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,2023/9/6,21,4.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5.He pretended not to see me.6.I enjoy listening to popular music.7.I think（that）he is fit for his offi

14、ce.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,2023/9/6,22,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，“七给”一“带”to不少 例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：S

15、he bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.,2023/9/6,23,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语 ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：He refused to lend me his bike.,2023/9/6,24,下列动词只能接动名词

16、做宾语 admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：John has admitted breaking the window.,2023/9/6,25,(三)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.How many new words

17、did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.They made him monitor of the class.Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.You will find it useful after you leave school.They didnt kno

18、w who Father Christmas really is.,2023/9/6,26,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语（Please tell us a story.My father bought a new bike for me last week.Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.Did he leave any message for me?,2023/9/6,27,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget

19、,regret等。forget to do表示“未发生的动作”，forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dont forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来)I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了),2023/9/6,28,宾语补足语,宾语补足语（Object Complement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、

20、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,2023/9/6,29,1.His father named him Xiaoming.2.They painted their boat white.3.Let the fresh air in.4.You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.5.We saw her entering the room.6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.

21、,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,2023/9/6,30,宾语补足语,在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当,If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.T

22、he boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.,2023/9/6,31,挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang get on the bus.Did yo

23、u see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?,2023/9/6,32,主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补.,I last saw him playing near the river.,He was last seen playing near the river.,The teacher caught the student cheating in the exam,The student was caught cheating in the exam,We made him monitor.,He was ma

24、de monitor.,He pushed the door open.,The door was pushed open.,2023/9/6,33,定语,修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2.China is a developing country;America is a developed country.（分词）3.There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）4.His rapid progress in En

25、glish made us surprised.（代词）,2023/9/6,34,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6.The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7.He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.(定语从句),2023/9/6,35,(五)挑出下列句中的定语

26、 They use Mr,Mrs with the family name.What is your given name?On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,2023/9/6,36,状语(adverbial modifier),修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的

27、句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Light travels most quickly.2.He has lived in the city for ten years.3.He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.,（副词及副词性词组）,（介词短语）,（不定式短语）,2023/9/6,37,4.He is in the room making a model plane.5.Wait a minute.6.Once you begin,you must continu

28、e.,（分词短语）,（名词）,（状语从句）,2023/9/6,38,9种状语种类如下：,1.How about meeting again at six?2.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain.4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语

29、）,2023/9/6,39,She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.7.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.8.She works very hard though she is old.9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,2023/9/6,40,（九）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名

30、词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：This is Mr.Zhou,our headmaster.（十）插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest,I think(suppose,believe-)等，如：To be frank,I dont quite agree with you.,2023/9/6,41,(七)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn Eng

31、lish when he was eleven.The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,2023/9/6,42,

32、练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.The students got on the school bus.2.He handed me the newspaper.3.I shall answer your question after class.4.What a beautiful Chinese painting!5.They went hunting together early in the morning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,Adverbial,2023/9/6,43,6.H

33、is job is to train swimmers.7.He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8.There is going to be an American film tonight.9.He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10.His wish is to become a scientist.11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He found it important t

34、o master English.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,O.,Adverbial,AO.,RO.,2023/9/6,44,14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest，your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our

35、duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The apples tasted sweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,AS.,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,2023/9/6,45,指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分,11.He managed to finish the work in time.12.Tom came to ask me for advice.13.He

36、 found it important to master English.14.Do you have anything else to say?15.To be honest;your pronunciation is not so good.16.Would you please tell me your address?17.He sat there,reading a newspaper.18.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19.He noticed a man enter the room.20.The ap

37、ples tasted sweet.,2023/9/6,46,有哪几种常见的句型结构？,2023/9/6,47,按句子的结构分为三种:,简单句(simple sentence),并列句(compound sentence),复合句(complex sentence),2023/9/6,48,(一).简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和 一个谓语(或并列谓语):.Tom likes rock music.Tom and John are fond of rock music.Tom sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.,2023/9

38、/6,49,简单句的五种基本句型,2023/9/6,50,2023/9/6,51,I am a webaholic.我是一个网虫。Chatting on the internet is interesting.我喜欢网上聊天。Internet dating hurts.网恋有害。I like chatting online.我喜欢网上聊天。Chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.网上聊天给我带来很多乐趣。We can call internet addicts a webaholic.我们管网上一隐君子叫网虫。,2023/9/6,52,基

39、本句型 一：（主系表）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。,2023/9/6,53,系动词包括Be动词以及一

40、些表示感官的动词。高考经常考查的系动词:.“变得”_,_,_,_,_.“看起来”_,_,_“闻起来”_“尝起来”_“摸起来”_“听起来”_,主语+系动词+表语(S+V+P),get become,turn go grow,look seem appear,smell,taste,feel,sound,2023/9/6,54,系动词的用法:(注意三点)+_作表语;系动词 无 _;无 _;e.g.The dish _.(尝起来好吃)The story _.(听起来有趣).,adj.,宾语,被动语态,tastes delicious,sounds interesting,2023/9/6,55,一、

41、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be，look，feel，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，turn out（结果是、证明是）等。,He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses smell sweet.How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to be)a fine one.,2023/9/6,56,第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come

42、，run等。,Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Marys face went red.His dream has come true.The boys blood ran cold.,2023/9/6,57,2023/9/6,58,第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep，remain，continue，stay等。Keep quiet,children!The weather continued fine for a long time.It remains to be proved.,2023/9/6,59,系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词

43、、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。The news was surprising.（分词）His job is teaching English.（动名词）The only method is to give the child more help.（不定式）I must be off now.（副词）The bridge is under construction.（介词短语）That would be a great weight off my mind.（词组）This is why he was late.（从句）,2023/9/6,60,所有的系动词

44、都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Our future will be beautiful.She looks unhappy today.Do you feel cold？You seem/appear ill.The food tastes delicious.The weather is turning/growing/becoming/getting cold.He often went hungry.,2023/9/6,61,能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear,seem get，prove，remain，turn out等。She appears/seems to be ver

45、y young.He appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be friends。The meeting turned out to be successful.The theory proved to be right.Much remains to be done.,2023/9/6,62,能接从句的有：be，seem，appear，sound，look等。Thats why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.It seems/appears to me that someth

46、ing is wrong.It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.,2023/9/6,63,能接介词短语的有：be，feel，look，sound，taste，remain等。be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。He is at home/in the library/on the way home/on holiday.They are on

47、duty/on strike/on leave.The road is under repair.,2023/9/6,64,其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain.It sounds like a train going under my room.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）The concert remains in my memory.,2023/9/6,65,6.能接分词的系动词有：be，become，get，grow，seem，appear等。His report was

48、 disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonished。He has become/got/grown/interested in modern physics。He seems/appears drunk。系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。,page43,2023/9/6,66,一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点

49、所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是 get，其次是 feel 和 remain，考查的难度在逐年增大。二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get，turn，turn out（结果是），go，come（成为），fall，become 等。,2023/9/6,67,1.对 get 的考查 get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、v-ing 形式、过去分词等。Sarah,hurry up.Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party.A.get cha

50、nged B.get change C.get changing D.get to change,2023/9/6,68,Be careful when you cross this very busy street,if not,you may _ run over by a car.A.have B.get C.become D.turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.A.separated B.spared C.lost D.missed,分析：例中考查的是“get 过去分词”构成的系表结构。例 get change