初中英语介词的用法.ppt

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1、中考英语复习方案语法部分,第一篇 词法六、介词,复习要点一、常用介词的意义二、常用介词的用法辨析三、中考英语常用介词短语,知识概要 介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother.(定语)The girl will be back in two hours.(状语)Our English teacher is from Australia.(表语)Help yourself to some

2、fish.(宾语补足语),难点链接,一、常用介词的意义1.about a.在各处；四处 b.关于 2.after a.在之后 b.在后面along 沿着;顺着 as 作为;当作 among a.在中间 b.在（三者或三者以上）之间 at a.（表示地点/位置）在 b.（表示时间）在时刻）c.（表示动作的目标和方向）before a.在前面 b.在以前 behind 在后面 below 在下面,一、常用介词的意义10.beside 在旁边;靠近 11.between 在（两者）之间;在中间 12.by a.在旁边；靠近 b.在时间 c.（指时间）不迟于d.（用于被动语态）被 e.（表示方法、手段

3、）用;由 f.（指交通工具等）乘;用 13.down 沿着（街道、河流）而下 14.during 在的期间;在过程中 15.except 除之外 16.for a.（表示方向）往；向 b.（表示所属）的 c.（表示时间距离）计；达 d.（说明目的或用途）为17.from a.（表示起点）从;自 b.（表示开始的时候）从起 c.（表示距离）距;离 d.（表示来源）来自,难点链接,一、常用介词的意义18.in front of 在前面into a.（表示动作的方向）到内；向内 b.（表示情况和结果的变化）变成 in a.（表示位置）在里/内/中 b.在（时间）c.穿;戴 d.在（情况/状况）中 e

4、.使用（语言）like 像 near 在附近;靠近of a.（表示所属关系）的 b.（表示数量）的 c.（表示其中）off（表示脱离）离开 25.on a.在上面 b.在时刻 c.关于over a.在上方（以上）b.越过 c.遍及past a.（指时间）过 b.走过某处,难点链接,一、常用介词的意义28.since 自从以来 29.through a.穿过;通过 b.从开始到结束 30.till 直到为止 31.until 直到为止 32.up 在/向上面 33.to a.（表示方向）到;向 b.（表示间接关系）给 c.（表示钟点）在之 34.with a.（表示具有）带有;具有 b.（表示手

5、段或方法）用;以 c.（表示伴随）与一道;和一起 35.without 没有 36.round 环绕一周;围着 37.under 在/向下面,难点链接,难点链接,二、常用介词的用法辨析（1）表时间的介词1）at,in on 表示时间点用at。例如：at six oclock,at noon,at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century,in 2002,in may,in winter,in the morning,in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午

6、，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday,on July 1st,on Sunday morning等。2）since,after 由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：I havent heard from him since last summer.After five days the boy came back.3）in,after in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。A

7、fter与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four oclock.He returned after a month.,难点链接,（2）表示地点的介词1）at,in,on at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.The

8、re is a big hole in the wall.The teacher put up a picture on the wall.2）over,above,on over,on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：There is a bridge over the river.We flew above the clouds.They put some flowers on the teach

9、ers desk.3）across,through across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：The dog ran across the grass.The boy swam across the river.They walked through the forest.I pushed through the crowds.4)in front of,in the front of in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范

10、围以外；in the front of 表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.,难点链接,三、中考英语常用介词短语1.at:at night,at school,at home,at noon,at last,at least,at dinner,at work,at the table,at once,notat all,at the hospital,at times,at the

11、moment,at the end of,at the foot of,at a bad time of,at the meeting,at the beginning of,at the same time,at first/last,knock at/on,laugh at,look at,smile at,be good at,be angry at/with,be surprised at,at the age of,at the bottom of,have a look at2.by:by the way,by bus,one by one,day by day,by the en

12、d of,by hand3.in:in bed,in a while,in time,in a hurry,in front of,in the front of,in the end,in Japanese,in surprise,in hospital,in ones life,in a low voice,in no time,in the open air,in the day,in trouble,in line,in fact,in the sun,in the middle,in all,arrive in/at,believe in,be interested in,do we

13、ll in,be born in,be made in/of/from,in the newspaper/photo,believe in,spend in doing,drop in,in ones opinion,in the future,learn/know by heart,三、中考英语常用介词短语4.on:on duty,on time,on top of,on the radio,on ones way to,on the wallon foot,on bike,on the other side of,on show,on Sunday morningon that day,a

14、 talk on history,on holiday,depend on,hold on,operate on,put on,pass on,spend on,turn on,try on,later on,on ones opinion,spend on,put on,come on,depend on,on earth,on TV,on the edge of,on the left/right5.with:with a smile,with pleasure,with ones help,agree with,begin with,deal with/do with,fill with

15、,helpwith,play with,talk with,catch up with,get on well with,be satisfied with,be busy with,have nothing to do with,be angry with sb.,be pleased with sb.,be strict with,write with,have a word with,make friend with,talk with,难点链接,三、中考英语常用介词短语6.to:to ones joy,to ones surprise,preferto,point to,write t

16、o,go to the cinema,go to school,be kind to,be able to,be afraid to do,compare to,get to,go to work,give ones life to,go to college,look forward to,next to,sell to,lend to,talk to7.of:lots of=a lot of,places of interest,all kinds of,die of,hear of,a pair of,a couple of,be afraid of,be proud of,be sur

17、e of,take care of,take hold of,be full of,take care of,a number of,best of all,first of all,instead of,hundreds/millions of,of course,think of,8.without:without money9.after:the day after tomorrow,look after,after all10.for:for example,ask for,leave for,send for,pay for,wait for,be late for,for long

18、,get ready for,be bad for,for a long time,be famous for,look for,go for a walk,thanks for,难点链接,三、中考英语常用介词短语11.before:the day before yesterday12.into:break into,knockinto,change into13.round/around:come round,show around,look around14.off:fall off,hurry off,take off,turn off,put off15.behind:fall beh

19、ind16.from:be from,come from,hear from,learn from,stopfrom,from now on,be different from,borrow from,buy from17.out:find out,sell out,try out,wear out,pullout of,look out of,put out,work out,come out,get out of,go out,sell out,难点链接,三、中考英语常用介词短语18.like:look like,sound like,feel like19.up:look up,put

20、up,send up,wake up,pullup from,eat up,come up,give up,get up,grow up,pick up,ring up,sell up,set up,stand up20.down:take down,turn down,write down,go down,close down,look down,sit down21.about:think about,what/how about,hear about,worry about22.away:take away,put away,far away,go away,run away,throw

21、 away24.over:look over,think over,all over,over there25.as:the same as,be famous as26.through:go through,look through,难点链接,正误辨析,1.误 We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.正 We got to the top of the mountain at daybreak.析 at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。2.误 Dont sleep at

22、 daytime 正 Dont sleep in daytime.析 in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning/afternoon,或 in the week/month/year.或 in spring/supper/autumn/winter等等。3.误 We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.正 We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.析 in the morning,in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on,如：on a

23、cold morning,on the morning of July 14th4.误 He became a writter at his twenties 正 He became a writter in his twenties 析 这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。5.误 He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.正 He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.析 在具体年岁前用at,如：at t

24、he age of 12，at your age，等等。6.误 We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.正 We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.析 具体某一天要用介词on,又如：on New Years Day,正误辨析,7.误 Im looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.正 Im looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.析 在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣

25、诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。8.误 I havent see you during the summer holidays.正 I havent seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.析 during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday.而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I havent see you for a long time.而through 用来表示时间时则为整整，全部的时间。如：It rained

26、 through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。10.误 In the beginning of the book,there are some interesting stories.正 At the beginning of the book,there are some interesting stories.析 at the beginning与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the endat last是指最终，终于之意。,正误辨析,11.

27、误 Till the end of next week.I will have finished this work.正 By the end of next week.I will have finished this work.析 by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为不迟于某一时刻将工作做完，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：Ill be there by five oclock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I wont finish this work till(until)n

28、ext weekend.12.误 He came to London before last weekend.正 He had come to London before last weekend.正 He came to London two weeks ago.析 before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。13.误 I have studied English for three years since I had come here.正 I have studied English for three years since I came here.析 since用来

29、表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态14.误 I can help you repair this bike.You will get it after two hours.正 I can help you repair this bike.You will get it in two hours.析 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York.After three days,I found a job in the bank.af

30、ter 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。,正误辨析,15.误 Three days after he died.正 After three days he died.正 Three days later he died.析 after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。16.误 She hid herself after the tree.正 She hid herself behind the tr

31、ee.析 after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him.After finishing my homework,I went to see a film.而behind则多用于静态事物之后。17.误 There is a beautiful bird on the tree.正 There is a beautiful bird in the tree.析 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on,而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.18.误 Shanghai is on the east of China.正 Shanghai is i

32、n the east of China.析 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in,on,to。in表示在某范围之内;on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.19.误 I arrived at New York on July 2nd.正 I arrived in New York on July 2nd.析 at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate,at home,at a bus stop,at the station,at the cinema,at a small vill

33、age。,正误辨析,20.误 He lived in No.3 Beijing Road.正 He lived at No.3 Beijing Road.析 在门牌号码前要用at,并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street,at the foot of the mountain,at the top of the page。21.误 There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.正 There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.析 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙

34、的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street.22.误 This weekend Ill stay in Uncle Wangs.正 This weekend Ill stay at Uncle Wangs.析 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailors shop(裁缝店)at a tailors,at the doctors(去看病)at the booksellers(在书店)at uncle Wangs(在王叔叔家)23.误 Do you know there is some good news on todays n

35、ewspaper?正 Do you know there is some good news in todays newspaper?析 在报纸上的新闻要用in,而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。24.误 The school will begin on September 1st.正 School will begin on September 1st.析 这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table(吃饭)，When I came to Toms home,they were at tabl

36、e.还有：at desk(学习)，at work(工作)at school(上学)，in hospital(住医院)at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。,正误辨析,25.误 In my way to the station,I bought a newspaper to kill time.正 On my way to the station,I bought a newspaper to kill time.析 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光在的路上

37、应用on ones way。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。26.误 Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke into.正 Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke in.正 Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke into the office.析 in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。27.误 I

38、ll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.正 Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai.正 Ill leave for Shanghai.析 leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for，sail for。28.误 Im sorry.I have to get out the bus at next stop.正 Im sorry.I have to get out of the bus at next stop.析 get in,与 ge

39、t out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲Wed better get in.或Wed better get out.还有一组词组有关上下车：get onoff(a train,a ship,a struck)get intoout of(a car,taxi),正误辨析,29.误 Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.正 Be careful.The temperature of the wate

40、r is ninety degrees above zero.析 over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over.30.误 There is an old stone bridge above the river.正 There is an old stone bridge over the river.析 over还有一意为跨越，横跨。31.误 The Dead Sea is under the sea level.正 The Dead Sea is below the sea level.析 在垂直下

41、方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。32.误 There is a big tree in the front of the house.正 There is a big tree in front of the house.析 in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.33.误 It took them two days to walk across the forest.正 It took the

42、m two days to walk through the forest.析 across 作为介词有两个主要意思：横过，如：I want to walk across the street.对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.,正误辨析,34.误 The sun sets toward the west.正 The sun sets in the

43、west.析 towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s)the mountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south 时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south.也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China.35.误 Do you have no other clothes except those?正 Do you have no other clothes besi

44、des those?析 beside 是在旁边，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是除之外，不仅而且，除了以外还有，如：I studied English besides French,when I was in college.而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday.而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs.而except that则要加从句。36.误

45、Can I write the exam paper with ink?正 Can I write the exam paper with a pen?正 Can I write the exam paper in ink?析 with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。,正误辨析,37.误 Im earlier today.I came here by his car.正 Im earlier today.I came here in his car.析 在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi by

46、 train=in a train by bicycle=on a bicycleby ship=on a ship by boat=in a boat by bus=on a bus by plane=on a plane by air 空运 by land 陆运 by sea 海运 on foot on horseback by phone by letter by radio by air mail by hand38.误 A lot of French wines are made of grape.正 A lot of French wines are made from grape

47、.析 made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.39.误 This is a good dictionary in English grammar.正 This is a good dictionary on English grammar.析 关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。,正误辨析,40.误 Do you have the key o

48、f the door.正 Do you have the key to the door.析 key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question,entrance to the highway,danger to health.千万不要用of。41.误 Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.正 Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.析 have interest in

49、是在某方面有兴趣。42.误 I didnt do my homework,so the teacher was angry to me.正 I didnt do my homework,so the teacher was angry with me.析 be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.43.误 He was good for skating.正 He was good at skating.析 be good at 为擅长某事，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。44.误

50、 It was good to you to help my little boy.正 It was good of you to help my little boy.析 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.45.误 My parents were very pleased at me.正 My parents were very pleased with me.正 My parents were very pleased at my studying.析 be